ENTHEOCENE noun [en-thee-uh-seen] / ɛnˈθi əˌsiːn /
Pharmakon · Archive view

The Bibliography

Entheocene's complete evidentiary base: 1646 entries in Harvard style, sorted into 12 research threads, each entry in one thread only. A work cited by several pages is one entry, listing every page that cites it; a few works cited in different forms on different pages still appear once per form.

How to read the labels on each source
Source type
What kind of work it is: journal article, book, legislation, patent application, database record and so on. A word after the dot (ethnography, protologue, primary source) keeps the genre the entry was first filed under. “Unclassified” means the citation does not say enough to tell.
Peer review
Recorded for each work separately, and only where it has been confirmed for that work. It is never inferred from a DOI, a publisher or a journal, since journals also publish editorials, letters and commentaries. Where it has not been confirmed, the entry records it as not established. It does not apply to legislation, court decisions, treaties, patents, datasets, database and collection records, historical texts, films, talks, press releases or web pages.
Check
What was checked when the entry was added. DOI checked: the DOI’s registry record (Crossref) matched the citation’s title, first author and year. Verified: the record itself was opened and matched the citation: a library catalogue record for a book, or the page itself for a database entry, law, patent or archive document. “Verified (abstract)” and “(summary)” mean only the abstract or a summary was read. Located: a record was found but not fully matched. Bibliographic record and Stable record (in essays): a catalogue or stable web record exists; what was checked against it is not recorded. Unverified: no check is recorded. No locator found: a search found no record. Secondary: read through another source.
What the labels do not say
None of them means the source supports a particular sentence. Where a sentence is graded, its evidence note names its sources and whether each supports it, disputes it or gives context. Dates and reviewers of checks are not recorded for each entry; the version note at the foot of a graded page dates its last review.

Botany & taxonomy

01 · 223 sources
Albesiano, S. (2012) ‘A new taxonomic treatment of the genus Trichocereus (Cactaceae) in Chile’, Haseltonia, 18, pp. 116–139. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2985/026.018.0114.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
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Anderson, E.F. (1996) Peyote: The Divine Cactus. 2nd edn. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Anderson, W.R. and Davis, C.C. (2006) ‘Expansion of Diplopterys at the expense of Banisteriopsis (Malpighiaceae)’, Harvard Papers in Botany, 11(1), pp. 1–16.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Andrade, C.M.L. et al. (2025) ‘Establishment of Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. callus cultures, plantlet regeneration and in vitro production of the hallucinogenic indole alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine’, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 161, 65.cited in Psychotria viridis
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Argout, X. et al. (2011) ‘The genome of Theobroma cacao’, Nature Genetics, 43, pp. 101–108.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Bachman, S.P., Brown, M.J.M., Leão, T.C.C., Lughadha, E.N. and Walker, B.E. (2024) ‘Extinction risk predictions for the world’s flowering plants to support their conservation’, New Phytologist, 242(2), pp. 797–808. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19592.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana · Salvia divinorum
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Baillon, H.E. (1888) ‘Tabernanthe iboga’, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris, 1, p. 783.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
UnverifiedJournal article · protologuePeer review not established
Bentham, G. (1853) 'Notes on the American species of Myristica', Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, 5, pp. 1–9. Available at: https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002356803.cited in Virola theiodora
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Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. and Celis, M. (eds.) (2020) ‘Anadenanthera peregrina’, Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia. Available at: colplanta.org (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. and Celis, M. (eds) (2015) Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Bessa, P. (1819) ‘Brugmansia suaveolens as Datura arborea’, in Duhamel du Monceau, H.-L., Traité des arbres et arbustes, new edn, vol. 7, plate 1. Available via Wikimedia Commons.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
UnverifiedHistorical textPeer review not applicable
BGCI and IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019) ‘Tabernanthe iboga’, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, e.T120678584A143718006. Available at: iucnredlist.org.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Biazatti, S.C. et al. (2026) ‘Machine learning recovers folk classification of Banisteriopsis caapi from herbarium leaves, an ayahuasca liana’, iScience, 29(5), 115753.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana
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Bonifácio-Anacleto, F., Moraes Filho, R.M., Borges, L.M., Martinez, C.A. and Alzate-Marin, A.L. (2024) ‘Molecular discrimination for two Anadenanthera species of seasonally dry tropical forest remnants in Brazil’, Taxonomy, 4(1), pp. 150–162. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4010008.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina
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Borges, L.A., Machado, I.C. and Lopes, A.V. (2017) ‘Bee pollination and evidence of substitutive nectary in Anadenanthera colubrina (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)’, Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 11, pp. 263–271. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9514-8.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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Bradshaw, A.J., Ramírez-Cruz, V., Awan, A.R., Furci, G., Guzmán-Dávalos, L. and Dentinger, B.T.M. (2024) ‘Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(3), e2311245121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2311245121.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Brenan, J.P.M. (1955) ‘Notes on Mimosoideae: I’, Kew Bulletin, 10(2), pp. 161–192. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/4108864.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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Brito-da-Costa, A.M., Dias-da-Silva, D. and Gomes, N.G.M. (2020) ‘Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ayahuasca alkaloids N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine: clinical and forensic impact’, Pharmaceuticals, 13(11), 334.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis
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Britton, N.L. and Rose, J.N. (1920) The Cactaceae, vol. 2. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, pp. 134–135.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
UnverifiedBook · primary sourcePeer review not established
Bruhn, J.G., De Smet, P.A.G.M., El-Seedi, H.R. and Beck, O. (2002) ‘Mescaline use for 5700 years’, The Lancet, 359(9320), p. 1866. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Byrne, M., MacDonald, B. and Coates, D. (2002) 'Phylogeographical patterns in chloroplast DNA variation within the Acacia acuminata (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) complex in Western Australia', Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15(4), pp. 576–587. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00429.x.cited in Acacia
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Callaway, J.C. (2005) ‘Fast and slow metabolizers of hoasca’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), pp. 157–161. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2005.10399797.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Callaway, J.C. (2005b) ‘Various alkaloid profiles in decoctions of Banisteriopsis caapi’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), pp. 151–155.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Callaway, J.C. et al. (1996) ‘Quantitation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuasca’, Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), pp. 492–497.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Callaway, J.C. et al. (1999) ‘Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(3), pp. 243–256.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Camargo-Ricalde, S.L. (2000) 'Descripción, distribución, anatomía, composición química y usos de Mimosa tenuiflora (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) en México', Revista de Biología Tropical, 48(4), pp. 939–954.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
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Caputo, L., Cornara, L., Bazzicalupo, M. et al. (2021) ‘Mentha pulegium L.: a plant underestimated for its toxicity to be recovered from the perspective of the circular economy’, Molecules, 26(8), 2394. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082394.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Carboué, Q. and Lopez, M. (2021) ‘Amanita muscaria: ecology, chemistry, myths’, Encyclopedia, 1(3), pp. 905–914. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030069.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Carvalho, A.B. et al. (2026) ‘Diversity and genetic structure of mariri tucunacá (Banisteriopsis caapi) populations in the southern Brazilian Amazon rainforest’, Acta Amazonica, 56, e56bc25184.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Casselman, I., Nock, C.J., Wohlmuth, H., Weatherby, R.P. and Heinrich, M. (2014) ‘From local to global—fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(2), pp. 768–783. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032.cited in Salvia divinorum · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Chan, C.B.M. et al. (2021) ‘The alkaloids from Lophophora diffusa and other “false peyotes”’, Journal of Natural Products, 84(8), pp. 2398–2407.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Chavarro-Mesa, E. et al. (2024) ‘The mitogenomic landscape of Banisteriopsis caapi (Malpighiaceae), the sacred liana used for ayahuasca preparation’, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 47(2), e20230301.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Cornejo, O.E. et al. (2018) ‘Population genomic analyses of the chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L., provide insights into its domestication process’, Communications Biology, 1, 167.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Coulter, J.M. (1894) ‘Preliminary revision of the North American species of Cactus, Anhalonium and Lophophora’, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 3, pp. 91–132.cited in Lophophora williamsii
UnverifiedJournal article · primary sourcePeer review not established
Cuatrecasas, J. (1958) ‘Prima Flora Colombiana: 2. Malpighiaceae’, Webbia, 13(2), pp. 343–664.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Davis, C.C. and Anderson, W.R. (2010) ‘A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology’, American Journal of Botany, 97(12), pp. 2031–2048.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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DMTrott (2017) ‘Oliluiqui seeds’, photograph via Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oliluiqui_Seeds.jpg.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Dung, J.K.S., Alderman, S.C., Kaur, N. and Walenta, D.L. (2021) ‘Ergot of grasses: disease biology and management’, Phytopathology, 111(10), pp. 1727–1737. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-20-0289-R.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Dupin, J. and Smith, S.D. (2018) ‘Phylogenetics of Datureae (Solanaceae), including description of the new genus Trompettia and re-circumscription of the tribe’, Taxon, 67(2), pp. 359–375. Available at: https://doi.org/10.12705/672.6.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Durante, Í., dos Santos, R.G., Bouso, J.C. et al. (2021) ‘Risk assessment of ayahuasca use in a religious context: self-reported risk factors and adverse effects’, Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(4), pp. 362–369. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0913.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Elser, D. et al. (2023) ‘Evolutionary metabolomics of specialized metabolism in the genus Nicotiana’, Science Advances, 9, eade8984. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade8984.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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EP1688048A1 (2006) ‘Coca leaf-based beverage and process for obtaining coca leaf extract’. European patent application. Available at: Google Patents.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Epling, C. and Játiva-M., C.D. (1962) ‘A new species of Salvia from Mexico’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 20(3), pp. 75–76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168537.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Ermakova, A.O. et al. (2021) ‘Densities, plant sizes, and spatial distributions of six wild populations of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) in Texas, U.S.A.’, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 15(1), pp. 149–160.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Eserman, L.A., Tiley, G.P., Jarret, R.L., Leebens-Mack, J.H. and Miller, R.E. (2014) ‘Phylogenetics and diversification of morning glories (tribe Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae) based on whole plastome sequences’, American Journal of Botany, 101(1), pp. 92–103. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300207.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Flora of China Editorial Committee (2010) 'Acacia confusa Merrill', Flora of China, 10, pp. 55–56. Available at: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011848.cited in Acacia
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Fonseca, A.M., dos Santos, R.G., de Medeiros, L.S. et al. (2025) ‘Long-term ayahuasca use is associated with preserved global cognitive function and improved memory: a cross-sectional study with ritual users’, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 275(2), pp. 519–531. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-024-01817-9.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Gates, B. (1982) Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys (Malpighiaceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 30. New York: New York Botanical Garden.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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GBIF Secretariat (2026) ‘Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link’, GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5420914, with synonyms and vernacular names. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5420914.cited in Heimia salicifolia
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GBIF Secretariat (2026) ‘Papaver somniferum L.’, GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 2888439. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/2888439.cited in Papaver somniferum
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GBIF Secretariat (2026a) Psilocybe mexicana R.Heim. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242538, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
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GBIF Secretariat (2026b) Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242497, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
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GBIF Secretariat (2026c) Psilocybe zapotecorum R.Heim. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242545, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
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GBIF Secretariat (2026d) Psilocybe aztecorum R.Heim. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242509, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
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GBIF Secretariat (2026e) Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242510, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5242510.cited in Psilocybe
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GBIF.org (2026) 'Peganum harmala L.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: occurrence search and IUCN Red List checklist. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/3189912.cited in Peganum harmala
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GBIF.org (2026) 'Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.: occurrence search', Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=3152844.cited in Virola theiodora
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GBIF.org (2026a) 'Acacia confusa Merr.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: distribution and occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/2978466.cited in Acacia
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GBIF.org (2026a) 'Phalaris arundinacea L.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: synonyms, vernacular names and occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5289756.cited in Phalaris
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GBIF.org (2026b) 'Acacia acuminata Benth.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/2979180.cited in Acacia
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GBIF.org (2026b) 'Phalaris aquatica L.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: synonyms, vernacular names and occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5289746.cited in Phalaris
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GBIF.org (2026c) 'Vachellia Wight & Arn.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/8142432.cited in Acacia
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Geml, J., Laursen, G.A., O'Neill, K., Nusbaum, H.C. and Taylor, D.L. (2006) 'Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)', Molecular Ecology, 15(1), pp. 225–239. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Geml, J. et al. (2008) 'Evidence for strong inter- and intracontinental phylogeographic structure in Amanita muscaria, a wind-dispersed ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48(2), pp. 694–701. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.029.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Gibson, S.D., Halvorson, K.S., Myers, L. and Colla, S.R. (2022) ‘Insect visitation and pollination of a culturally significant plant, Hopi tobacco (Nicotiana rustica)’, iScience, 25(12), 105613. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105613.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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Grünewald, M. (1512–1516) The Temptation of Saint Anthony, Isenheim Altarpiece. Colmar: Musée Unterlinden. Public-domain reproduction via Wikimedia Commons. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mathis_Gothart_Gr%C3%BCnewald_015.jpg.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Guzmán, G. (2008) ‘Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: An overview’, Economic Botany, 62(3), pp. 404–412. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Guzmán, G. (2012) ‘New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain’, Acta Botanica Mexicana, 100, pp. 79–106. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21829/abm100.2012.32.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions · Psilocybe
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Guzmán, G. (2012) ‘Nuevas observaciones taxonómicas y etnomicológicas en Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) de México, África y España’, Acta Botanica Mexicana, 100, pp. 79–106. doi:10.21829/abm100.2012.32.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Hamilton, C.W. (1989) ‘A revision of Mesoamerican Psychotria subgenus Psychotria (Rubiaceae), part I’, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 76(1), pp. 67–111.cited in Psychotria viridis
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Hay, A., Gottschalk, M. and Holguín, A. (2012) Huanduj: Brugmansia. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
No locator foundBookPeer review not established
Hernández-Santiago, F., Pérez-Moreno, J., Xoconostle-Cázares, B., Almaraz-Suárez, J.J., Ojeda-Trejo, E., Mata-Montes de Oca, G. and Díaz-Aguilar, I. (2016) ‘Traditional knowledge and use of wild mushrooms by Mixtecs or Ñuu savi, the people of the rain, from Southeastern Mexico’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12, article 35. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0108-9.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Hernández, F. (1651) ‘Ololiuhqui’, botanical woodcut in Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ololiuhqui_Rivea_corymbosa_1651.gif.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Hunt, D., Taylor, N. and Charles, G. (eds) (2006) The New Cactus Lexicon. Milborne Port: dh Books.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Index Fungorum (2026) 'Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.', record 161267. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/namesrecord.asp?RecordID=161267.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Index Fungorum (2026) ‘Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim, record 304487’. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: indexfungorum.org (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Psilocybe · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Index Fungorum (2026a) Psilocybe mexicana R.Heim — record of valid publication, typification and protologue habitat. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Landcare Research-NZ and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.cited in Psilocybe
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Index Fungorum (2026b) Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill — record of valid publication, typification and protologue locality. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Landcare Research-NZ and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.cited in Psilocybe
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Index Fungorum (2026c) Psilocybe zapotecorum R.Heim — record of valid publication and protologue habitat. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Landcare Research-NZ and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.cited in Psilocybe
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Archaeology & history

02 · 171 sources
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Carod-Artal, F.J. and Vázquez-Cabrera, C.B. (2006) ‘Mescalina y ritual del cactus de San Pedro: evidencias arqueológicas y etnográficas en el norte de Perú’, Revista de Neurología, 42(8), pp. 489–498. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.4208.2006040.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Celidwen, Y., Redvers, N., Githaiga, C., Calambás, J., Añaños, K., Chindoy, M.E., Vitale, R., Rojas, J.N., Mondragón, D., Rosalío, Y.V. and Sacbajá, A. (2023) 'Ethical principles of traditional Indigenous medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice', The Lancet Regional Health – Americas, 18, 100410.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Charoenratana, S., Anukul, C. and Aramrattana, A. (2021) ‘Attitudes towards kratom use, decriminalization and the development of a community-based kratom control mechanism in Southern Thailand’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 95, 103197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103197.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Clinton, K. (2007) ‘The Mysteries of Demeter and Kore’, in Ogden, D. (ed.) A Companion to Greek Religion. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 342–356. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996911.ch23.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Cosmopoulos, M.B. (2015) Bronze Age Eleusis and the Origins of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511820700.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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de la Serna, J. (1953 [1656]) ‘Manual de ministros de indios para el conocimiento de sus idolatrías y extirpación de ellas’, in Tratado de las idolatrías, supersticiones, dioses, ritos, hechicerías y otras costumbres gentílicas de las razas aborígenes de México, vol. 1. Mexico City: Ediciones Fuente Cultural. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL42279446W.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Faudree, P. (2020) ‘“Making medicine” with Salvia divinorum: competing approaches and their implications’, Medical Anthropology, 39(7), pp. 582–596. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2020.1814772.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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García, L.C. (2020) 'El desarrollo de la complejidad en la quebrada de Inca Cueva, centro de Azul Pampa, Jujuy, Argentina', Revista del Museo de Antropología, 13(2), pp. 295–304. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31048/1852.4826.v13.n2.26690.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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González Romero, O.S. (2026a) ‘Aztec ritual with Psilocybe mushrooms (Teonanacatl)’, Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School, 16 March. Includes translated excerpts from Sahagún and Nahua collaborators, Florentine Codex, Book IX, ch. 8. Read.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Greco, E., Rivier, L., Samorini, G. and D’Arienzo, A. (2024) ‘Archaeology of psychotropic substances: the problem of analytical detection of ayahuasca’, Archaeometry, 66(6), pp. 1328–1342. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12965.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Grzybowski, A., Żaba, R., Żaba, C. and Żaba, Z. (2021) ‘Ergotism and Saint Anthony’s fire’, Clinics in Dermatology, 39(6), pp. 1088–1094. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.009.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Guaman Poma de Ayala, F. (1615/1616) El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Library, GKS 2232 4°. Available at: https://poma.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/info/en/frontpage.htm.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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Haarmann, T., Rolke, Y., Giesbert, S. and Tudzynski, P. (2009) ‘Ergot: from witchcraft to biotechnology’, Molecular Plant Pathology, 10(4), pp. 563–577. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00548.x.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Harner, M.J. (1973) ‘Common themes in South American Indian yagé experiences’, in Harner, M.J. (ed.) Hallucinogens and Shamanism. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 155–175.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Hernández-Santiago, F., Martínez-Reyes, M., Pérez-Moreno, J. and Mata, G. (2017) ‘Representación pictográfica del primer amanecer y su asociación con hongos enteógenos en un Códice Mesoamericano Mixteco del siglo XVI’, Revista Mexicana de Micología [now Scientia Fungorum], 46, pp. 19–28. doi:10.33885/sf.2017.46.1173.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Jay, M. (2019) Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic. New Haven: Yale University Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Kaplan, S.L. (2008) Le Pain maudit: Retour sur la France des années oubliées, 1945–1958. Paris: Fayard. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16999490M.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Miller, M.J. et al. (2019) ‘Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(23), pp. 11207–11212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902174116.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina · Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Musalem Nazar, P. (2024) ‘Para una historia crítica del yajé y el ayahuasca: la hipótesis de Gow a la luz del yajé’, Jangwa Pana, 23(1), pp. 1–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21676/16574923.5351.cited in Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Niemeyer, H.M., Salazar, D., Horta Tricallotis, H. and Peña-Gómez, F.T. (2015) 'New insights into the Tiwanaku style of snuff trays from San Pedro de Atacama, northern Chile', Latin American Antiquity, 26(1), pp. 120–136. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Niemeyer, H.M., Zapata, V., Cantillana, P., Missene, A., Aguilera, J. and Torres, A. (2013) 'Computed tomography study of snuff trays from San Pedro de Atacama (northern Chile)', Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(4), pp. 2036–2044. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.014.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Oram, M. (2016) ‘Prohibited or regulated? LSD psychotherapy and the United States Food and Drug Administration’, History of Psychiatry, 27(3), pp. 290–306. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X16648822.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Ostapkowicz, J. (2020) 'Conduits to the supernatural: bifurcated snuff tubes in the pre-Columbian Caribbean', Journal of Caribbean Archaeology, 20, pp. 45–67. Available at: journal PDF (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Ostapkowicz, J. et al. (2011) ‘“Treasures … of black wood, brilliantly polished”: five examples of Taíno sculpture from the tenth–sixteenth century Caribbean’, Antiquity, 85(329), pp. 942–959. Available at: publisher record.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Ott, J. and Wasson, R.G. (1984) ‘Carved “disembodied eyes” of Teotihuacan’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 29(4), pp. 387–400. doi:10.5962/p.168668.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Pagán-Jiménez, J.R. and Carlson, L.A. (2014) ‘Recent archaeobotanical findings of the hallucinogenic snuff cojoba (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.) in precolonial Puerto Rico’, Latin American Antiquity, 25(1), pp. 101–116. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Pané, R. (1999) An Account of the Antiquities of the Indians. Translated by S.C. Griswold. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780822323471.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina · Anadenanthera colubrina
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Passie, T. (2018) ‘The early use of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) in psychotherapy (1977–1985)’, Drug Science, Policy and Law, 4, pp. 1–19. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324518767442.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Pochettino, M.L., Cortella, A.R. and Ruiz, M. (1999) ‘Hallucinogenic snuff from northwestern Argentina: microscopical identification of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil in powdered archaeological material’, Economic Botany, 53(2), pp. 127–132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866491.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Pons i Brun, E., Asensio, D., Fuertes, M. and Bouso, M. (2010) ‘El yacimiento del Mas Castellar de Pontós (Alt Empordà, Girona): un núcleo indígena en la órbita de la colonia focea de Emporion’, in Tréziny, H. (ed.) Grecs et indigènes de la Catalogne à la mer Noire. Aix-en-Provence: Publications du Centre Camille Jullian, pp. 105–118.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Pope, H.G. (1969) ‘Tabernanthe iboga: an African narcotic plant of social importance’, Economic Botany, 23(2), pp. 174–184. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860623.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Portland Art Museum (2024) 'Psychedelic rock posters and fashion of the 1960s', exhibition, 19 October 2024–15 June 2025.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Powis, T.G. et al. (2011) ‘Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(21), pp. 8595–8600.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Real Academia Española (2023) ‘ayahuasca’, Diccionario histórico de la lengua española, 15.ª entrega. Available at: https://www.rae.es/dhle/ayahuasca (Accessed: 14 October 2026).cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Rick, J.W. et al. (2025) ‘Pre-Hispanic ritual use of psychoactive plants at Chavín de Huántar, Peru’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(19), e2425125122. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2425125122.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Anadenanthera peregrina
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Rubenstein, S. (2005) ‘La conversión de los shuar’, Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 22, pp. 27–48. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17141/iconos.22.2005.99.cited in Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Ruiz de Alarcón, H. (1984 [1629]) Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live among the Indians Native to This New Spain, trans. and ed. J.R. Andrews and R. Hassig. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3186764M.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Sahagún, B. de (1950–1982) Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, trans. A.J.O. Anderson and C.E. Dibble, 13 vols. Santa Fe: School of American Research and University of Utah. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL29276057W.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa · Lophophora williamsii · Theobroma cacao
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Saingam, D., Assanangkornchai, S., Geater, A.F. and Balthip, Q. (2013) ‘Pattern and consequences of krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use among male villagers in southern Thailand: a qualitative study’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 24(4), pp. 351–358. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.09.004.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Saingam, D., Assanangkornchai, S., Geater, A.F. and Lerkiatbundit, S. (2014) ‘Validation of Krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Dependence Scale (KDS): a dependence screen for internationally emerging psychoactive substance’, Substance Abuse, 35(3), pp. 276–283. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.924464.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Samorini, G. (2019) ‘The oldest archaeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: a worldwide overview’, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), pp. 63–80. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.008.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex · Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Samorini, G. (2024a) ‘Studies on the iboga cults. I. The ancient documents’, Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology, 20(1), pp. 93–114. Available at: samorini.it.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Samorini, G. (2025b) ‘Studies on the iboga cults V: historical aspects’, Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology, 21(1).cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Scher, S. (2021) ‘The Achumera: gender, status, and the San Pedro cactus in Moche ceramic motifs and iconography’, in Staller, J.E. (ed.) Andean Foodways. Cham: Springer, pp. 237–256. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51629-1_9.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Schultes, R.E. (1940) ‘Teonanácatl: the narcotic mushroom of the Aztecs’, American Anthropologist, 42(3), pp. 429–443. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1940.42.3.02a00040.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions · Psilocybe
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Schultes, R.E. (1986) ‘The history of a malpighiaceous plant of the Northwest Amazon’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 30(2), pp. 135–141.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Schultes, R.E. and Raffauf, R.F. (1992) Vine of the Soul: Medicine Men, Their Plants and Rituals in the Colombian Amazonia. Oracle, AZ: Synergetic Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Sharon, D. (2019) ‘Sacred Sanpedro in ethnoarchaeological context’, Ñawpa Pacha, 39(1), pp. 77–120. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00776297.2019.1574959.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Singh, D., Narayanan, S. and Vicknasingam, B. (2017) ‘Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia’, Human Psychopharmacology, 32(3), e2582. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2582.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Smakosz, A., Kurzyna, W., Rudko, M. and Dasal, M. (2021) ‘The usage of ergot (Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.) in obstetrics and gynecology: a historical perspective’, Toxins, 13(7), 492. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070492.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Smith, R.K., Stacey, R.J., Bergström, E. and Thomas-Oates, J. (2018) ‘Detection of opium alkaloids in a Cypriot base-ring juglet’, Analyst, 143(21), pp. 5127–5136. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1039/c8an01040d.cited in Papaver somniferum
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Socha, D.M., Sykutera, M. and Orefici, G. (2022) ‘Use of psychoactive and stimulant plants on the south coast of Peru from the Early Intermediate to Late Intermediate Period’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 148, 105688. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2022.105688.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
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Spanos, N.P. and Gottlieb, J. (1976) ‘Ergotism and the Salem Village witch trials’, Science, 194(4272), pp. 1390–1394. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.795029.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Spegazzini, C. (1923) ‘Anadenanthera peregrina’, Physis, 6, p. 314.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Spruce, R. (1908) Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes. Edited by A.R. Wallace. 2 vols. London: Macmillan. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL13405777W.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina · Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Stapf, O. (1909) 'Toowoomba canary grass (Phalaris bulbosa, Linn. = P. commutata, auct., non R. & S.)', Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), 1909(7), pp. 289–292. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/4111584.cited in Phalaris
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Stolaroff, M.J. (2004) The Secret Chief Revealed: Conversations with Leo Zeff, Pioneer in the Underground Psychedelic Therapy Movement. Sarasota, FL: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Suárez-Álvarez, C. (2023) ‘The age of the onanya: regarding the spread of ayahuasca use throughout the Ucayali basin’, Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America, 19(2), article 7. Available at: digitalcommons.trinity.edu.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Suwanlert, S. (1975) ‘A study of kratom eaters in Thailand’, Bulletin on Narcotics, 27(3), pp. 21–27. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1975-01-01_3_page003.html.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Taillieu, D. (2003) 'Haoma i. Botany', Encyclopædia Iranica, XI(6), pp. 659–662. Available at: https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haoma-i/.cited in Peganum harmala · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Terry, M., Steelman, K.L., Guilderson, T., Dering, P. and Rowe, M.W. (2006) ‘Lower Pecos and Coahuila peyote: new radiocarbon dates’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(7), pp. 1017–1021. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.11.008.cited in Lophophora williamsii · Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2026) ‘Snuff tablet, Tiwanaku (?), 4th–8th century, object 2000.2’. Available at: metmuseum.org (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2026) ‘Zemí cohoba stand, Taíno, object 1979.206.380’. Available at: metmuseum.org (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Thompson, R.C. (1903) The devils and evil spirits of Babylonia. Vol. 1. London: Luzac. Available at: https://archive.org/details/devilsandevilsp01thomgoog.cited in Acacia
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Tierney, M. (2022) ‘Beyond the San Pedro cactus: ancient Nasca shamanism and psychoactive plants’, Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, 6(2), pp. 287–313. Available at: https://doi.org/10.23870/marlas.405.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
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Torres, C.M. (1987) 'The iconography of the prehispanic snuff trays from San Pedro de Atacama, northern Chile', Andean Past, 1, pp. 191–254. Available at: institutional record (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Torres, C.M. (1998) 'Archaeological evidence for the antiquity of psychoactive plant use in the central Andes', Eleusis, 1, pp. 12–44.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Torres, C.M. (2008) ‘Chavín’s psychoactive pharmacopeia: the iconographic evidence’, in Conklin, W.J. and Quilter, J. (eds.) Chavín: Art, Architecture, and Culture. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, pp. 237–260.cited in Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Torres, C.M. (2019) 'The use of psychoactive plants by ancient indigenous populations of the North Andes', Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), pp. 198–211.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Torres, C.M. et al. (1991) ‘Snuff powders from pre-Hispanic San Pedro de Atacama: chemical and contextual analysis’, Current Anthropology, 32(5), pp. 640–649. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/204014.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Tushingham, S., Snyder, C.M., Brownstein, K.J., Damitio, W.J. and Gang, D.R. (2018) ‘Biomolecular archaeology reveals ancient origins of Indigenous tobacco smoking in North American Plateau’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(46), pp. 11742–11747. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813796115.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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United Kingdom (2016) Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, c. 2. London: The Stationery Office.cited in Amanita muscaria
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Valdés, L.J. III (2001) ‘The early history of Salvia divinorum’, Entheogen Review, 10(3), pp. 73–75.cited in Salvia divinorum
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van Dongen, P.W.J. and de Groot, A.N.J.A. (1995) ‘History of ergot alkaloids from ergotism to ergometrine’, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 60(2), pp. 109–116. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(95)02034-Z.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Vellozo, J.M.C. (1829) ‘Mimosa colubrina’, Florae Fluminensis. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Nationali.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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Vicknasingam, B., Narayanan, S., Beng, G.T. and Mansor, S.M. (2010) ‘The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy research’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(4), pp. 283–288. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.12.003.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Villavicencio, M. (1858) Geografía de la República del Ecuador. New York: Robert Craighead.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Viveiros de Castro, E. (1998) ‘Cosmological deixis and Amerindian perspectivism’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 4(3), pp. 469–488. https://doi.org/10.2307/3034157cited in Psychotria viridis · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Wasson, R.G. (1957) ‘Seeking the magic mushroom’, Life, 13 May. Article transcription.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Wasson, R.G. (1962) ‘A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the mint family’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 20(3), pp. 77–84. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168538.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Wasson, R.G., Hofmann, A. and Ruck, C.A.P. (1978) The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4567666M.cited in Claviceps purpurea · Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Williams, J. (2019) ‘“You are entering a new dimension”: John C. Lilly, the sensory isolation tank and the counterculture’, History of the Human Sciences, 32(5), pp. 3–26. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872094.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Yensen, R. and Dryer, D. (1992) ‘Thirty years of psychedelic research: the Spring Grove experiment and its sequels’, Yearbook of the European College for the Study of Consciousness, 1991–1992, pp. 73–102.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Zarrillo, S. et al. (2018) ‘The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon’, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, pp. 1879–1888.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Zimmermann, M.I., Brownstein, K.J., Pantoja Díaz, L., Ancona Aragón, I., Hutson, S., Kidder, B. and Gang, D.R. (2021) ‘Metabolomics-based analysis of miniature flask contents identifies tobacco mixture use among the ancient Maya’, Scientific Reports, 11, 1590. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81158-y.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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Ethnography, ritual & cosmology

03 · 316 sources
Aberle, D.F. (1966) The Peyote Religion among the Navaho. Chicago: Aldine.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Adamo, D.T. (2017) 'The burning bush (Ex 3:1–6): a study of natural phenomena as manifestation of divine presence in the Old Testament and in African context', HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 73(3), a4576. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i3.4576.cited in Acacia
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Albert, B. (2014) ‘The falling sky: in lieu of a response’, HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 4(2), pp. 335–337. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14318/hau4.2.023.cited in Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Allen, C.J. (1981) ‘To be Quechua: the symbolism of coca chewing in highland Peru’, American Ethnologist, 8(1), pp. 157–171. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1981.8.1.02a00100.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Allen, C.J. (2002) The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Amin, G. (1991) Popular Medicinal Plants of Iran. Tehran: Iranian Research Institute of Medicinal Plants.cited in Peganum harmala
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Araújo, W.S. (2002) ‘A Barquinha: espaço simbólico de uma cosmologia em construção’, in Labate, B.C. and Araújo, W.S. (eds) O Uso Ritual da Ayahuasca. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, pp. 541–555.cited in Psychotria viridis
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Araújo, W.S. (2008) ‘The Barquinha: symbolic space of a cosmology in the making’, Fieldwork in Religion, 2(3), pp. 350–362. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v2i3.350.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Aronofsky, D. (dir.) (2014) Noah [feature film]. United States: Paramount Pictures.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Aterianus-Owanga, A. (2017) ‘Staging ritual music, building a national “heritage”: musicians, dancers and the heritage making of Bwiti in Gabon’, paper presented at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting. Available at: SSRN.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Baer, G. (1992) ‘The one intoxicated by tobacco: Matsigenka shamanism’, in Langdon, E.J.M. and Baer, G. (eds) Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 79–100.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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Barnard, G.W. (2014) ‘Entheogens in a religious context: the case of the Santo Daime religious tradition’, Zygon, 49(3), pp. 666–684.cited in Psychotria viridis
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Bastien, J.W. (1987) Healers of the Andes: Kallawaya Herbalists and Their Medicinal Plants. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Belaunde, L.E. (2016) ‘Kené: Shipibo-Konibo design and the aesthetics of Amazonian sociality’, in Santos-Granero, F. (ed.) Images of Public Wealth or the Anatomy of Well-Being in Indigenous Amazonia. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 190–211.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Belser, A.B., Agin-Liebes, G., Swift, T.C., Terrana, S., Devenot, N., Friedman, H.L., Guss, J., Bossis, A. and Ross, S. (2017) ‘Patient experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: An interpretative phenomenological analysis’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(4), pp. 354–388. doi:10.1177/0022167817706884.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Bender, D.A., Nayak, S.M., Siegel, J.S. et al. (2025) ‘The role of touch in psychedelic therapy: perspectives from a survey of practitioners in research settings’, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 78(4). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20240025.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Benítez Corona, V.A. (2023) ‘Notas etnográficas sobre el uso de psilocibios en el volcán Popocatépetl’, Elementos, 131, pp. 41–46. Full text.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Bennett, B.C. (1992) ‘Hallucinogenic plants of the Shuar and related indigenous groups in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru’, Brittonia, 44(4), pp. 483–493. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2807199.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Bennett, W.C. and Zingg, R.M. (1935) The Tarahumara: An Indian Tribe of Northern Mexico. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Berlowitz, I., O’Shaughnessy, D.M., Heinrich, M., Wolf, U., Maake, C. and Martin-Soelch, C. (2022) ‘Teacher plants—Indigenous Peruvian-Amazonian dietary practices as a method for using psychoactives’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 286, 114910.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Beyer, S.V. (2009) Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780826347305.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Nicotiana rustica · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex
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Blosser, B. (1991) ‘Lessons in the use of Mazatec psychoactive plants’, Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness, 1, pp. 189–199. Available at: Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Bogoras, W. (1904–1909) The Chukchee. Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. 7. Leiden and New York: E.J. Brill and American Museum of Natural History. Available at: Internet Archive.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Bonchristiano, P.A. (2025) 'Claudia Andujar and the Yanomami: photography and activism in the changing light of the Amazon forest', Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 33(4), pp. 569–595. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569325.2024.2431005.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Bonfiglioli, C. (2009) ‘Jíkuri sepawa’ame (la “raspa de peyote”): una danza de curación en la Sierra Tarahumara’, Dimensión Antropológica, 45, pp. 73–105.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Bonhomme, J. (2005) Le miroir et le crâne: parcours initiatique du Bwete Misoko (Gabon). Paris: CNRS Éditions.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Bonhomme, J. (2006) Le miroir et le crâne: parcours initiatique du Bwete Misoko (Gabon). Paris: CNRS Éditions.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Bonhomme, J. (2018) ‘Incident surrounding a post: ritual, script and performance in the Bwiti of Gabon’, L’Homme, 227–228, pp. 153–178. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4000/lhomme.32426.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Bonny, H.L. and Pahnke, W.N. (1972) ‘The use of music in psychedelic (LSD) psychotherapy’, Journal of Music Therapy, 9(2), pp. 64–87. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/9.2.64.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Botanical Dimensions (2026) ‘Who we are’. Available at: botanicaldimensions.org (Accessed: 10 August 2026).cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Bowden, H. (2010) Mystery Cults in the Ancient World. London: Thames & Hudson.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Brabec de Mori, B. (2021) ‘The power of social attribution: perspectives on the healing efficacy of ayahuasca’, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 748131. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748131.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Brissac, S. (2008) ‘In the light of Hoasca: an approach to the religious experience of participants of the União do Vegetal’, Fieldwork in Religion, 2(3), pp. 319–349. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v2i3.319.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Bristol, M.L. (1966) ‘The psychotropic Banisteriopsis among the Sibundoy of Colombia’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 21, pp. 113–140.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Bristol, M.L. (1969) ‘Tree Datura drugs of the Colombian Sibundoy’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 22(5), pp. 165–227. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168369.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Brough, J. (1971) 'Soma and Amanita muscaria', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 34(2), pp. 331–362. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0012957X.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Buitrago Escobar, M. and Gaitán Quintero, C. (2016) ‘Knowledge embodiment through dance: a study case among the Colombian Sikuani’, Knowledge Cultures, 4(3), pp. 15–30.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Burkert, W. (1987) Ancient Mystery Cults. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Bussmann, R.W. and Sharon, D. (2006) ‘Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 47. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-47.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Calabrese, J.D. (2013) A Different Medicine: Postcolonial Healing in the Native American Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Campbell, L. (1997) American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094275.001.0001.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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Candre Kinerai, H. and Echeverri, J.A. (2008) Tabaco frío, coca dulce: palabras del anciano Kinerai de la Tribu Cananguchal para sanar y alegrar el corazón de sus huérfanos. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Capone, S. (2010) Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé. Translated by L.L. Grant. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392040.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Caraballo, L. and Norzi, M. (dirs) (2016) Icaros: A Vision [feature film]. United States / Peru: Conibo Productions.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Cayón, L. (2020) ‘Fraternal disputes and two-headed leadership: hierarchy and heterarchy in the Upper Rio Negro’, Revista de Antropologia, 63(2), e151160. Available at: https://doi.org/10.11606/2179-0892.ra.2020.171366.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Centre Pompidou (n.d.) “Dreamachine (Machine × rêver)”, Brion Gysin, 1960/1976. Available at: centrepompidou.fr.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Cesarino, P. de N. (2014) ‘Ontological conflicts and shamanistic speculations in Davi Kopenawa’s The falling sky’, HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 4(2), pp. 289–295. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14318/hau4.2.017.cited in Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Chabloz, N. (2019) ‘Chamanisation des visions de l’iboga’, Cahiers d’anthropologie sociale, 17(2), pp. 177–197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3917/cas.017.0177.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Chinchilla Mazariegos, O. (2016) ‘Human sacrifice and divine nourishment in Mesoamerica: the iconography of cacao on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala’, Ancient Mesoamerica, 27(2), pp. 361–375.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Clinton, K. (1974) The Sacred Officials of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Clinton, K. (1992) Myth and Cult: The Iconography of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Stockholm: Swedish Institute at Athens.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Coe, S.D. and Coe, M.D. (2013) The True History of Chocolate. 3rd edn. London: Thames & Hudson.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Dawson, A. (2012) ‘Spirit possession in a new religious context: the Umbandization of Santo Daime’, Nova Religio, 15(4), pp. 60–84. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.60.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Dawson, A. (2013) Santo Daime: A New World Religion. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Available at: Bloomsbury.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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De Feo, V. (2003) ‘Ethnomedical field study in northern Peruvian Andes with particular reference to divination practices’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(2–3), pp. 243–256. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00017-5.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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De Feo, V. (2004) ‘The ritual use of Brugmansia species in traditional Andean medicine in northern Peru’, Economic Botany, 58(S1), pp. S221–S229. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58%5BS221:TRUOBS%5D2.0.CO;2.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens · Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Degan, R. (dir.) (2016) The Last Shaman [documentary film]. United States: Appian Way / Sumatra Films.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Delgado Súmar, H.E. (1986) Cultura (cosmovisión) y salud entre los Shuar. Apuntes de Medicina Tradicional 59a. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tradicional. Available at: https://www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/sites/default/files/agora/files/1278371774.amt_59a_cultura_cosmovision_y_salud_entre_los_shuar.pdf.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Descola, P. (1994) In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Devlet, E.G. (2001) ‘Rock art and the material culture of Siberian and Central Asian shamanism’, in Price, N.S. (ed.) The Archaeology of Shamanism. London: Routledge, pp. 43–54.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Díaz, J.L. (1979) ‘Ethnopharmacology and taxonomy of Mexican psychodysleptic plants’, Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 11(1–2), pp. 71–101. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472094.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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Díaz, J.L. (2013) ‘Salvia divinorum: a psychopharmacological riddle and a mind-body prospect’, Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 6(1), pp. 43–53. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2174/18744737112059990004.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Dikov, N.N. (1971) Naskal’nye zagadki drevnei Chukotki: Petroglify Pegtymelia [Rock Art Riddles of Ancient Chukotka: The Petroglyphs of Pegtymel]. Moscow: Nauka.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Dobkin de Rios, M. (1969) ‘Folk curing with a psychedelic cactus in the north coast of Peru’, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 15(1), pp. 23–32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/002076406901500102.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Dumit, J. and Sanabria, E. (2022) ‘Set, setting, and clinical trials: colonial technologies and psychedelics experiment’, in Bruun, M.H., Wahlberg, A., Douglas-Jones, R., Hasse, C., Hoeyer, K., Kristensen, D.B. and Winthereik, B.R. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of the Anthropology of Technology. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 291–308. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7084-8_15.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Dupuis, D. (ed.) (2023) Visions chamaniques: Arts de l’Ayahuasca en Amazonie péruvienne. Paris: Musée du quai Branly — Jacques Chirac / Réunion des musées nationaux — Grand Palais. Available at: quaibranly.fr.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Echeverri, J.A. (2015) ‘Cool tobacco breath: the uses and meanings of tobacco among the People of the Centre’, in Russell, A. and Rahman, E. (eds) The Master Plant: Tobacco in Lowland South America. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 107–129. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003087052-8.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Engler, S. (2023) ‘Umbanda: hybridity, tradition and semantic plurality’, Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society, 9(2), pp. 311–334. Available at: Brill.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Escalante, R. and López-González, A. (1972) ‘Hongos sagrados de los matlatzincas’, Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti, 2, pp. 243–250. Consulted through Spiers et al. (2024).cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
No locator foundJournal articlePeer review not established
Estrada, Á. (1981) María Sabina: Her Life and Chants. Translated by H. Munn. Santa Barbara: Ross-Erikson. Testimony consulted through González Romero (2026b).cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Evans, N.A. (2002) ‘Sanctuaries, sacrifices, and the Eleusinian Mysteries’, Numen, 49(3), pp. 227–254. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/156852702320263927.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Fagetti, A. (2025) ‘Virgin Seed (Ipomoea corymbosa and Ipomoea tricolor) among Mixtec, Nahuas, and Mazatec of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Puebla (Mexico)’, in Winkelman, M.J. (ed.) Handbook of Entheogenic Healing. Leiden: Brill, pp. 122–146. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004729759_006.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Fagetti, A. and Mercadillo, R.E. (2022) ‘Experiences with sacred mushrooms and psilocybin in dialogue: transdisciplinary interpretations of the “velada”’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 33(2), pp. 385–411. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12163.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Fagetti, A., Martínez Cordero, M.A. and Mateos Segovia, E. (2023) ‘La mesa, el libro y el guajolote: elementos simbólicos en el proceso de iniciación de los chjota chjine’, Elementos, 131, pp. 27–35. Full text.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Fagetti, A., Mateos Segovia, E. and Reinoso Niche, J. (2023) ‘Cartografía etnográfica del uso ritual y terapéutico de hongos del género Psilocybe en México’, Elementos, 131, pp. 71–82. Full text.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Fatur, K. (2019) 'Sagas of the Solanaceae: speculative ethnobotanical perspectives on the Norse berserkers', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 244, 112151. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112151.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Fausto, C. (2008) ‘Too many owners: mastery and ownership in Amazonia’, Mana, 14(2), pp. 329–366. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-93132008000200003.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Feeney, K.M. and Austin, T.P. (2010) 'Revisiting Wasson's Soma: exploring the effects of preparation on the chemistry of Amanita muscaria', Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(4), pp. 499–506. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400712.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Feinberg, B. (1997) ‘Three Mazatec wise ones and their books: local knowledge, intertextuality and cultural authority in the Sierra Mazateca’, Critique of Anthropology, 17(2), pp. 411–437. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X9701700221.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Feinberg, B. (2003) The Devil’s Book of Culture: History, Mushrooms, and Caves in Southern Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. doi:10.7560/705500. Publisher’s description consulted.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Fernandez, J.W. (1972) ‘Tabernanthe iboga: narcotic ecstasis and the work of the ancestors’, in Furst, P.T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods. New York: Praeger, pp. 237–260.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
UnverifiedBook chapter · ethnographyPeer review not established
Fernandez, J.W. (1982) Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Available at: JSTOR.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Fernandez, J.W. and Fernandez, R.L. (2001) ‘“Returning to the path”: the use of iboga[ine] in an equatorial African ritual context and the binding of time, space, and social relationships’, The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 56, pp. 235–247. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56017-4.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Fields, F.H. (1969) ‘Rivea corymbosa: notes on some Zapotecan customs’, Economic Botany, 23, pp. 206–209. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860452.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Flecha, A. (2023) ‘Currents of knowledge: the Santo Daime bailado as decolonial dance’, Revista Brasileira de Estudos da Presença, 13(2), e128060. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-2660128060vs02.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Fotiou, E. (2016) ‘The globalization of ayahuasca shamanism and the erasure of Indigenous shamanism’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 27(2), pp. 151–179. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12056.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex
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Fotiou, E. (2020) ‘Shamanic tourism in the Peruvian lowlands: critical and ethical considerations’, Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 25(3), pp. 374–396. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12508.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Frenopoulo, C. (2004) ‘The mechanics of religious synthesis in the Barquinha religion’, REVER: Revista de Estudos da Religião, 4(1). Available at: PUC-SP (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Frymann, T., Whitney, S., Yaden, D.B. and Lipson, J. (2022) ‘The Psychedelic Integration Scales: tools for measuring psychedelic integration behaviors and experiences’, Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 863247. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863247.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Furst, P.T. (1972) ‘To find our life: peyote among the Huichol Indians of Mexico’, in Furst, P.T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods. New York: Praeger, pp. 136–184.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Gagné, R. (2009) ‘Mystery inquisitors: performance, authority, and sacrilege at Eleusis’, Classical Antiquity, 28(2), pp. 211–247. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/ca.2009.28.2.211.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Garcia Rodriguez, O.I. (2026) ‘Blood, semen, coca, and tobacco: the transmission of ritual knowledge among the Murui-Muinaɨ Indigenous people of the Amazon’, HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 16(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/740596.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Gearin, A.K. (2015) '“Whatever you want to believe”: kaleidoscopic individualism and ayahuasca healing in Australia', The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 26(3), pp. 442–455. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12143.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Acacia
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Gearin, A.K. (2017) ‘Dividual vision of the individual: ayahuasca neo-shamanism in Australia and the New Age individualism orthodoxy’, International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 7(2), pp. 199–220. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v7i2.31955.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Gearin, A.K. and Calavia Sáez, O. (2021) ‘Altered vision: ayahuasca shamanism and sensory individuality’, Current Anthropology, 62(2), pp. 138–163. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/713737.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex
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Geck, M.S., Lecca, D., Marchese, G., Casu, L. and Sanna, G. (2021) ‘Ethnomedicine and neuropsychopharmacology in Mesoamerica’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 278, 114243. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114243.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Glass-Coffin, B. (1998) The Gift of Life: Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Gollnhofer, O. and Sillans, R. (1983) Le Bwiti, société d’initiation chez les Apindji au Gabon. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Gómez Rincón, C.M. (2020) ‘The spiritual dimension of yagé shamanism in Colombia’, Religions, 11(7), 375.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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González Romero, O.S. (2026b) ‘Psilocybe mushroom rituals’, Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School, 9 July. Includes attributed Nahua, Mazatec and Zapotec testimony. Read.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Goulart, S.L. (2008) ‘Religious matrices of the União do Vegetal’, Fieldwork in Religion, 2(3), pp. 286–318. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v2i3.286.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Gow, P. (1994) ‘River people: shamanism and history in western Amazonia’, in Thomas, N. and Humphrey, C. (eds.) Shamanism, History and the State. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 90–113.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex
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Groark, K.P. (2010) ‘The angel in the gourd: ritual, therapeutic, and protective uses of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico’, Journal of Ethnobiology, 30(1), pp. 5–30. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-30.1.5.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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Groisman, A. (2000) Eu Venho da Floresta: Um Estudo sobre o Contexto Simbólico do Uso do Santo Daime. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC.cited in Psychotria viridis
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Grünewald, R. de A. and Savoldi, R. (2020) ‘Cada jurema é uma jurema: continuidade, rupturas e inovações em religiosidades no Brasil’, Revista del CESLA, 26, pp. 221–244. Available at: https://doi.org/10.36551/2081-1160.2020.26.221-244.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Grünewald, R. de A., Savoldi, R. and Collins, M.I. (2022) ‘Jurema in contemporary Brazil: ritual re-actualizations, mysticism, consciousness, and healing’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 33(2), pp. 307–332. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12150.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Grünewald, R.A. (2018) ‘Nas trilhas da Jurema’, Religião & Sociedade, 38(1), pp. 110–135. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-85872018v38n1cap05.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Guerra, C. (dir.) (2015) El abrazo de la serpiente [feature film]. Colombia: Ciudad Lunar Producciones.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Gukasyan, N. and Nayak, S.M. (2022) ‘Psychedelics, placebo effects, and set and setting: insights from common factors theory of psychotherapy’, Transcultural Psychiatry, 59(5), pp. 652–664. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520983684.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Halpern, J.H. and Pope, H.G. Jr (2001) ‘Hallucinogens on the Internet: a vast new source of underground drug information’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(3), p. 481. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.481.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Harner, M.J. (1972) The Jívaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4804360W.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Nicotiana rustica · Ayahuasca Complex · Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Harner, M.J. (1980) The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing. New York: Harper & Row.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Haro-Luna, M.X., Ruan-Soto, F., Ramírez-Cruz, V., Amaya-Pérez, J. and Guzmán-Dávalos, L. (2025) ‘Current use of holy mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe in a Zapotec community in Oaxaca, Mexico’, IMA Fungus, 16, e148070. doi:10.3897/imafungus.16.148070.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Harris, O. (ed.) (2006) The Yage Letters Redux. San Francisco, CA: City Lights.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Hartogsohn, I. (2017) ‘Constructing drug effects: a history of set and setting’, Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3, pp. 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Hartogsohn, I. (2021) ‘Set and setting in the Santo Daime’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 651037. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.651037.cited in Psychotria viridis · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Hartogsohn, I. (2022) ‘Virtual Daime: when psychedelic ritual migrates online’, Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 819994. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.819994.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Havelka, O. (2022) ‘The syncretism of the Gabonese Bwiti religion and Catholic Christianity from a theological and theological-ethical perspective’, Acta Universitatis Carolinae Theologica, 12(1), pp. 143–163. Available at: karolinum.cz.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Híbridos (n.d.) ‘A Barquinha’ [documentary ethnography and interview with Mestre Antônio Geraldo da Silva Filho]. Available at: Híbridos (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Hofmann, A. (1971) ‘Teonanácatl and ololiuqui, two ancient magic drugs of Mexico’, Bulletin on Narcotics, 23(1), pp. 3–14. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1971-01-01_1_page003.html.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Hofmann, A. (1980) LSD: My Problem Child. Translated by J. Ott. New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 6, ‘The Mexican relatives of LSD’. Chapter text.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Hudson, J.H. (2011) Ayahuasca and Globalization. Undergraduate honours thesis. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Department of Anthropology. Available at: scholar.colorado.edu.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Huffman, M.A. (2003) ‘Animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants’, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62(2), pp. 371–381. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2003257.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Hugh-Jones, S. (1979) The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and Cosmology in Northwest Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Jauregui, X., Clavo, Z.M., Jovel, E.M. and Pardo-de-Santayana, M. (2011) ‘“Plantas con madre”: plants that teach and guide in the shamanic initiation process in the East-Central Peruvian Amazon’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(3), pp. 739–752. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.042.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Nicotiana rustica · Ayahuasca Complex
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Jochelson, W. (1905–1908) The Koryak. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 10; Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 6. Leiden and New York: E.J. Brill and G.E. Stechert.cited in Amanita muscaria
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Jochelson, W. (1908) The Koryak. Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. 6. Leiden and New York: E.J. Brill and American Museum of Natural History. Available at: AMNH Digital Library.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Johnson, J.B. (1939) ‘Elements of Mazatec witchcraft’, Ethnologiska Studier, 9, pp. 128–150.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Johnson, M.W., Richards, W.A. and Griffiths, R.R. (2008) ‘Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), pp. 603–620. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108093587.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Joralemon, D. (1984) ‘The role of hallucinogenic drugs and sensory stimuli in Peruvian ritual healing’, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 8(4), pp. 399–430. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00114665.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Joralemon, D. (1985) ‘Altar symbolism in Peruvian ritual healing’, Journal of Latin American Lore, 11(1), pp. 3–29. Available at: Library of Congress record.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Joralemon, D. (1986) ‘The performing patient in ritual healing’, Social Science & Medicine, 23(9), pp. 841–845. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(86)90211-X.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Joralemon, D. and Sharon, D. (1993) Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.cited in Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Raine, J. et al. (2018) ‘The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy’, Psychopharmacology, 235, pp. 505–519. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Kopenawa Yanomami, D. (1990) Xawara: o ouro canibal e a queda do céu. Interview by B. Albert, Brasília, 9 March. São Paulo: CEDI; Instituto Socioambiental. Available at: https://pib.socioambiental.org/files/file/bac/yanomami/xawara.pdf.cited in Virola theiodora · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Kounen, J. (dir.) (2004a) Blueberry [feature film]. France: UGC Fox Distribution.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Kounen, J. (dir.) (2004b) D’autres mondes [documentary film]. France: A.J.O.Z. Films / Tawak Pictures.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1755) Opisanie zemli Kamchatki [Description of the Land of Kamchatka]. St Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.cited in Amanita muscaria
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Krasheninnikov, S.P. (1764) The History of Kamtschatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent. Translated by J. Grieve. Gloucester: R. Raikes. Available at: Internet Archive.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Kufer, J., Grube, N. and Heinrich, M. (2006) ‘Cacao in eastern Guatemala: a sacred tree with ecological significance’, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 8, pp. 597–608.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Külahlı, N. (2025) 'Feminine wisdom in Near Eastern mythologies: Nisaba and Seshat', Colloquium Anatolicum, 24, pp. 133–157. Available at: https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1554822.cited in Acacia
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La Barre, W. (1938) The Peyote Cult. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 19. New Haven: Yale University Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Labate, B.C. (2012) ‘Ayahuasca religions in Acre: cultural heritage in the Brazilian borderlands’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 23(1), pp. 87–102. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3537.2012.01058.x.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Labate, B.C. and Jungaberle, H. (eds) (2011) The Internationalization of Ayahuasca. Münster: LIT Verlag.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Labate, B.C. and MacRae, E. (eds) (2010) Ayahuasca, Ritual and Religion in Brazil. London: Equinox.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Labate, B.C., Cavnar, C. and Gearin, A.K. (eds.) (2017) The world ayahuasca diaspora: reinventions and controversies. Abingdon: Routledge.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Labate, B.C., Rose, I.S. and Santos, R.G. (2009) Ayahuasca Religions: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Critical Essays. Santa Cruz, CA: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Labate, B.C., Santos, R.G., Anderson, B.T., Mercante, M.S. and Barbosa, P.C.R. (2012) ‘The treatment and handling of substance dependence with ayahuasca: reflections on current and future research’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(3), pp. 229–239. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.704590.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Langdon, E.J. (2013) ‘“La visita a la casa de los tigres”: la contextualización en narrativas sobre experiencias extraordinarias’, Revista Colombiana de Antropología, 49(1), pp. 129–152. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X75.cited in Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Langdon, E.J., Laffay, T. and Maniguaje-Yaiguaje, P. (2023) ‘Resistencias, re-existencias y prácticas chamánicas: las poéticas y políticas de una visión contemporánea’, Mundo Amazónico, 14(1), pp. 33–48. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15446/ma.v14n1.104431.cited in Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Langdon, E.J.M. (1979) ‘Yagé among the Siona: cultural patterns in visions’, in Browman, D.L. and Schwarz, R.A. (eds) Spirits, Shamans, and Stars. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 63–80.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Langdon, E.J.M. (1992) ‘Shamans and jaguars: a study of Siona medicine’, in Langdon, E.J.M. and Baer, G. (eds.) Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 41–62.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Langdon, E.J.M. (2016) ‘The revitalization of yajé shamanism among the Siona: strategies of survival in historical context’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 27(2), pp. 180–203.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Langdon, E.J.M. (2017) ‘From rau to sacred plants: transfigurations of shamanic agency among the Siona Indians of Colombia’, Social Compass, 64(3), pp. 343–359. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768617713654.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Ayahuasca Complex
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Langdon, E.J.M. and Baer, G. (eds) (1992) Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Leite, M. (2026) ‘Juremahuasca, a sacrament to challenge all doctrines’, in Leite, M. The psychedelic science of the Jurema tree. Cham: Springer, pp. 105–120. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-22705-8_5.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Lema, V.S. (2024) ‘Contemporary uses of vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil): a major ritual plant in the Andes’, Plants, 13(17), 2398. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172398.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Leonti, M., Sticher, O. and Heinrich, M. (2003) ‘Antiquity of medicinal plant usage in two Macro-Mayan ethnic groups (Mexico)’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88(2–3), pp. 119–124. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00188-0.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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Liffman, P.M. (2007) ‘Museums and Mexican Indigenous territoriality’, Museum Anthropology, 30(2), pp. 141–160. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/mua.2007.30.2.141.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Liffman, P.M. (2011) Huichol Territory and the Mexican Nation: Indigenous Ritual, Land Conflict, and Sovereignty Claims. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. Available at: JSTOR.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Lockwood, T.E. (1979) ‘The ethnobotany of Brugmansia’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1(2), pp. 147–164. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(79)90004-7.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Lopez-Chau, L.A. et al. (2026) ‘Traditional coca chewing and cortisol modulation in Andean miners: a pilot quasi-experimental repeated-measures study on stress physiology at high altitude’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120630. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.120630.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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López-García, A., Gómez-Hernández, M. and Gándara, E. (2024) ‘Variation in traditional knowledge of culturally important macromycete species among three indigenous communities of Oaxaca, Mexico’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 20, article 38. doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00679-8.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Loughmiller-Cardinal, J.A. (2019) ‘Distinguishing the uses, functions, and purposes of Classic Maya “chocolate” containers: not all cups are for drinking’, Ancient Mesoamerica, 30(1), pp. 13–30.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Lumholtz, C. (1900) Symbolism of the Huichol Indians. New York: American Museum of Natural History. Available at: Internet Archive.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Lumholtz, C. (1902) Unknown Mexico. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Luna, L.E. (1984) ‘The concept of plants as teachers among four mestizo shamans of Iquitos, northeastern Peru’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11(2), pp. 135–156. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90036-9.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Luna, L.E. (1984) ‘The healing practices of a Peruvian shaman’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11(2), pp. 123–133. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90035-7.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Brugmansia suaveolens · Nicotiana rustica · Psychotria viridis · Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Maas, U. and Strubelt, S. (2003) Music in the Iboga Initiation Ceremony in Gabon: Polyrhythms Supporting a Pharmacotherapy. Berlin: VWB.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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MacDougall, T. (1960) ‘Ipomoea tricolor: a hallucinogenic plant of the Zapotecs’, Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de México, 6(6), pp. 6–8.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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MacDougall, T. (1968) ‘Calea zacatechichi: a Compositae with psychic properties?’, Garden Journal, 18, p. 105.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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MacLean, K.A., Leoutsakos, J.-M.S., Johnson, M.W. and Griffiths, R.R. (2012) ‘Factor analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: a study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(4), pp. 721–737. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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MacRae, E. (1992) Guiado pela Lua: Xamanismo e Uso Ritual da Ayahuasca no Culto do Santo Daime. São Paulo: Brasiliense.cited in Psychotria viridis · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Marcus, O. (2022) ‘“Everybody’s creating it along the way”: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 48(5), pp. 712–731.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Martin, S. (2006) ‘Cacao in ancient Maya religion: first fruit from the maize tree and other tales from the underworld’, in McNeil, C.L. (ed.) Chocolate in Mesoamerica. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, pp. 154–183.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Mary, A. (1983) La naissance à l’envers: essai sur le rituel du Bwiti fang au Gabon. Paris: L’Harmattan.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Mary, A. (1999) Le défi du syncrétisme: le travail symbolique de la religion d’Eboga (Gabon). Paris: Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Maués, R.H. (2002) ‘Catolicismo e xamanismo: comparação entre a cura no Movimento Carismático e na pajelança rural amazônica’, Ilha: Revista de Antropologia, 4(2), pp. 51–77. Available at: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/ilha/article/view/15120.cited in Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Maués, R.H. (2005) ‘Um aspecto da diversidade cultural do caboclo amazônico: a religião’, Estudos Avançados, 19(53), pp. 259–274. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-40142005000100016.cited in Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Maués, R.H. (2007) ‘Catolicismo e xamanismo: reflexões sobre pajelança amazônica, renovação carismática e outros movimentos eclesiais’, Revista Pós Ciências Sociais, 4(8), pp. 11–30. Available at: https://periodicoseletronicos.ufma.br/index.php/rpcsoc/article/view/829.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Nicotiana rustica · Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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McKenna, D. (2021) ‘The experiment at La Chorrera: a 50-year retrospective’, McKenna Academy, 17 February.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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McKenna, T. (1983–1984) ‘Terence McKenna talks to the Psychozoic Press’. Interview by E.D. Smith, Psychozoic Press, issues 5–9. Transcript.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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McKenna, T. (1992) Food of the Gods. New York: Bantam.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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McKenna, T. (1993) Interview by Gracie and Zarkov. Transcript.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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McKenna, T. (1993) True Hallucinations. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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McKenna, T. (n.d.) ‘The oversoul as saucer’ and ‘Open ending’, chapters 20–21 in the spoken True Hallucinations. Transcript of the TalkingBook version, hosted by Erowid. Transcript.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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McKenna, T. and McKenna, D. (1975) The invisible landscape: Mind, hallucinogens, and the I Ching. New York: Seabury Press.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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McNeil, C.L. (ed.) (2006) Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Meech, R. (dir.) (2010) Vine of the Soul: Encounters with Ayahuasca [documentary film]. Canada: Meech Grant Productions.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Mercante, M.S. (2012) Imagens de cura: ayahuasca, imaginação, saúde e doença na Barquinha. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Miller, W.S. (1966) ‘El tonalamatl mixe y los hongos sagrados’, in Summa anthropologica en homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 317–328. Consulted through Spiers et al. (2024).cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Minero Ortega, F. (2022) ‘Sacred journey into the presence of God: ritual use of sacred mushrooms among the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico’, in Horák, M. (ed.) A Reader in Ethnobotany and Phytotherapy. Brno: Mendel University, pp. 142–155. Available at: https://doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-881-8-0142.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Mogollón-González, D.-R., Maldonado-Serrano, J.F. and Angarita-Cáceres, R.-G. (2024) ‘Creación y pensamiento en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Aproximaciones filosóficas a los poporos’, Entramado, 20(1), e-10230, pp. 1–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.1.10230.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Monteiro, J.M., Almeida, C.F.C.B.R., Albuquerque, U.P., Lucena, R.F.P., Florentino, A.T.N. and Oliveira, R.L.C. (2006) ‘Use and traditional management of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-6.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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Moore, L. and Ruah-Midbar Shapiro, M. (2018) ‘Humanity’s second chance: Darren Aronofsky’s Noah (2014) as an environmental cinematic midrash’, Journal of Religion & Film, 22(1), article 35. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.22.01.35.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Mota, C.N. da (1997) Jurema's Children in the Forest of Spirits: Healing and Ritual among Two Brazilian Indigenous Groups. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL283989M.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
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Mullaney, W. (2019) ‘From morning to mourning: Yanomami listening practices in A Queda do céu’, Eutomia, 25(1), pp. 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.51359/1982-6850.2019.244647.cited in Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Munn, H. (1973) ‘The mushrooms of language’, in Harner, M.J. (ed.) Hallucinogens and Shamanism. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 86–122. Chapter scan.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Musée du quai Branly — Jacques Chirac (2023) ‘Visions chamaniques: Arts de l’Ayahuasca en Amazonie péruvienne’, exhibition, Paris, 14 November 2023–26 May 2024. Available at: quaibranly.fr.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Muthukumaraswamy, S.D., Forsyth, A. and Lumley, T. (2021) ‘Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials’, Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(9), pp. 1133–1152. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Myerhoff, B.G. (1970) ‘The deer-maize-peyote symbol complex among the Huichol Indians of Mexico’, Anthropological Quarterly, 43(2), pp. 64–78. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/3316599.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Myerhoff, B.G. (1974) Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Available at: Cornell University Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii · Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Naranjo, P. (1979) ‘Hallucinogenic plant use and related Indigenous belief systems in the Ecuadorian Amazon’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1(2), pp. 121–145.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Negrín, J. (1975) The Huichol Creation of the World: Yarn Tablas by José Benítez Sánchez and Tutukila Carrillo. Sacramento, CA: E.B. Crocker Art Gallery.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Nemu, D. (2019) 'Getting high with the most high: entheogens in the Old Testament', Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), pp. 117–132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.004.cited in Acacia · Peganum harmala
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Neurath, J. (2002) Las fiestas de la Casa Grande: procesos rituales, cosmovisión y estructura social en una comunidad huichola. Mexico City: INAH.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Neurath, J. (2015) ‘Shifting ontologies in Huichol ritual and art’, Anthropology and Humanism, 40(1), pp. 58–71. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anhu.12068.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Neurath, J. (2021) ‘Becoming peyote, or the flowers of Wirikuta’, in Mathiowetz, M.D. and Turner, A.D. (eds) Flower Worlds: Religion, Aesthetics, and Ideology in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 53–69. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1khdqp3.7.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Neurath, J. and Reyes, A. (2024) ‘Cataloguing the untranslatable: cosmopolitics, digitisation and place-beings in Mexico’s Gran Nayar region’, Anthropology in Action, 31(3), pp. 30–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3167/aia.2024.310304.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Nour, M.M., Evans, L., Nutt, D. and Carhart-Harris, R.L. (2016) ‘Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 269. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00269.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Nyberg, H. (1992) 'Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: a comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican cultures', Karstenia, 32(2), pp. 71–80. Available at: https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.1992.294.cited in Amanita muscaria
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Nyongo Ndoua, P.D. and Vaghar, K. (2018) ‘Bwiti, iboga, trance and healing in Gabon’, Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21(8), pp. 755–762. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1504012.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Omidsalar, M. (1998) 'Esfand', Encyclopædia Iranica, VIII(6), pp. 583–584. Available at: https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esfand/.cited in Peganum harmala
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O’Shaughnessy, D.M. and Berlowitz, I. (2021) ‘Amazonian medicine and the psychedelic revival: considering the “dieta”’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 639124. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.639124.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Oliver, J.R. (2009) Caciques and Cemi Idols: The Web Spun by Taíno Rulers between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina · Anadenanthera colubrina
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Ott, J. (1996) Pharmacotheon: entheogenic drugs, their plant sources and history. 2nd edn. Kennewick, WA: Natural Products Co. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL753646M.cited in Phalaris · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Ott, J. (2001) Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines. Solothurn: Entheobotanica. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8711211M.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex · Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina · Virola theiodora · Mimosa tenuiflora
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Overing, J. (1990) ‘The shaman as a maker of worlds: Nelson Goodman in the Amazon’, Man, 25(4), pp. 602–619. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2803656.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Pagnocca, T.S., Zank, S. and Hanazaki, N. (2020) ‘“The plants have axé”: investigating the use of plants in Afro-Brazilian religions of Santa Catarina Island’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16, 20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00372-6.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Peluso, D.M. (2014) ‘Ayahuasca’s attractions and distractions: examining sexual seduction in shaman-participant interactions’, in Labate, B.C. and Cavnar, C. (eds.) Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and Beyond. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 231–255. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199341191.003.0011.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Pérez Gil, L. (1999) Pelos caminhos de Yuve: conhecimento, cura e poder no xamanismo yawanawa. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Available at: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/80950.cited in Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Pérez-Gil, L. (2001) ‘O sistema médico Yawanáwa e seus especialistas: cura, poder e iniciação xamânica’, Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 17(2), pp. 333–344. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2001000200008.cited in Nicotiana rustica · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Pinzón, C.E., Suárez, R. and Garay, G. (2004) Mundos en red: la cultura popular frente a los retos del siglo XXI. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Plotkin, M.J. and Schultes, R.E. (1990) 'Virola: a promising genus for ethnopharmacological investigation', Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 22(3), pp. 357–361. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1990.10472561.cited in Virola theiodora
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Poets, D. (2021) ‘Citizenship and settler colonialism in Brazil: the toré ritual as a decolonial indigenous practice in the Northeast Region’, Citizenship Studies, 28(3), pp. 282–300. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2021.1984504.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Polia, M. (1988) Las lagunas de los encantos: medicina tradicional andina del Perú septentrional. Piura: CEPESER.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
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Qureshi, R., Jabeen, B. and Chaachouay, N. (2025) ‘Sinicuichi (Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link Lythraceae)’, in Chaachouay, N., Azeroual, A. and Zidane, L. (eds.) Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 208–216. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003460336-30.cited in Heimia salicifolia
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Raponda-Walker, A. and Sillans, R. (1962) Rites et croyances des peuples du Gabon. Paris: Présence Africaine. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2335164W.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Ravicz, R. (1961) ‘La Mixteca en el estudio comparativo del hongo alucinante’, Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 13, pp. 73–92. Original article.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1950) ‘Los Kogi: una tribu de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Tomo I’, Revista del Instituto Etnológico Nacional, 4(1–2), pp. 1–319. Available at: https://publicaciones.icanh.gov.co/index.php/picanh/catalog/book/256.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1971) Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1975) The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs among the Indians of Colombia. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Ayahuasca Complex
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Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1978) The Loom of Life: A Kogi Principle of Integration. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Anthropology.cited in Erythroxylum coca
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Reyes García, L. (1970) ‘Una relación sobre los hongos alucinantes’, Tlalocan, 6(2), pp. 140–145. Nahuatl and Spanish original.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Rodd, R. (2002) ‘Märipa teui: a radical empiricist approach to Piaroa shamanic training and initiation’, Antropológica, 96, pp. 53–82.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina
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Rodd, R. (2002) ‘Snuff synergy: preparation, use and pharmacology of yopo and Banisteriopsis caapi among the Piaroa of southern Venezuela’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34(3), pp. 273–279. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2002.10399963.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex · Anadenanthera colubrina
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Rodd, R. (2003) ‘Märipa: to know everything’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 14(2), pp. 60–88. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/ac.2003.14.2.60.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Rodd, R. (2006) ‘Piaroa sorcery and the navigation of negative affect: to be aware, to turn away’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 17(1), pp. 35–64. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/ac.2006.17.1.35.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina · Anadenanthera colubrina
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Rodd, R. (2008) ‘Reassessing the cultural and psychopharmacological significance of Banisteriopsis caapi: preparation, classification and use among the Piaroa of Southern Venezuela’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(3), pp. 301–307. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400645.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Rodd, R. (2018) ‘Piaroa shamanic ethics and ethos: living by the law and the good life of tranquillity’, International Journal of Latin American Religions, 2(2), pp. 315–333. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-018-0059-0.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
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Rodd, R. and Sumabila, A. (2011) ‘Yopo, ethnicity and social change’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(1), pp. 36–45. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.566499.cited in Anadenanthera peregrina · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex · Anadenanthera colubrina
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Rubel, A.J. and Gettelfinger-Krejci, J. (1976) ‘The use of hallucinogenic mushrooms for diagnostic purposes among some highland Chinantecs’, Economic Botany, 30, pp. 235–248. doi:10.1007/BF02909732. Detailed account consulted through Spiers et al. (2024).cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Rubenstein, S.L. (2012) ‘On the importance of visions among the Amazonian Shuar’, Current Anthropology, 53(1), pp. 39–79. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/663830.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens · Nicotiana rustica
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Russell, A. and Rahman, E. (eds) (2015) The Master Plant: Tobacco in Lowland South America. London: Bloomsbury Academic.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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Saar, M. (1991) 'Ethnomycological data from Siberia and North-East Asia on the effect of Amanita muscaria', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 31(2), pp. 157–173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90002-U.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Saar, M. (1991b) 'Fungi in Khanty folk medicine', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 31(2), pp. 175–179. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90003-V.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Sabina, M. (1957) Mushroom Ceremony of the Mazatec Indians of Mexico. Recorded by V.P. and R.G. Wasson at Huautla de Jiménez, 21–22 July 1956. Folkways Records, FW08975. Includes commentary and linguistic notes by R.G. Wasson, E.V. Pike and S.C. Gudschinsky. Recording and liner notes.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Samorini, G. (2022) ‘“Lenin was a mushroom”: Russian post-Soviet history of fly-agaric’, Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology, 18(1), pp. 5–27. Available at: Antrocom.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Samorini, G. (2024b) ‘Studies on the iboga cults. III. Iboga and Bwiti mythology’, Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology, 20(2). Available at: antrocom.net.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Samorini, G. (2025a) ‘Studies on the iboga cults VII: the traditional Bwiti’, Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology, 21(2).cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Sansi, R. and Parés, L.N. (2012) ‘The multiple agencies of Afro-Brazilian religions’, Religion and Society, 3(1), pp. 76–94. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3167/arrs.2012.030105.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Santana de Rose, I. (2018a) ‘Barquinha’, in Gooren, H. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions. Cham: Springer. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0_540-1.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Santana de Rose, I. (2018b) ‘Santo Daime’, in Gooren, H. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions. Cham: Springer. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0_541-1.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Saumade, F. (2009) ‘Taureau, cerf, maïs, peyotl: le quadrant de la culture wixárika (huichol)’, L’Homme, 189, pp. 191–228. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4000/lhomme.22035.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Sayre, M.P. (2018) ‘A synonym for sacred: vilca use in the preconquest Andes’, in Fitzpatrick, S.M. (ed.) Ancient Psychoactive Substances. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, pp. 265–285. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx076mt.15.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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Schaefer, S.B. and Furst, P.T. (eds) (1996) People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii · Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Schefer, R. (2020) 'Making the xapiri dance: photography and shamanism in the exhibition Claudia Andujar: The Yanomami Struggle', NECSUS: European Journal of Media Studies, 9(1), pp. 339–350. Available at: journal record (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Schultes, R.E. (1941) ‘A contribution to our knowledge of Rivea corymbosa: the narcotic ololiuqui of the Aztecs’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 9(3), pp. 37–62. Available at: JSTOR stable record.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Schultes, R.E. (1954) 'A new narcotic snuff from the northwest Amazon', Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 16(9), pp. 241–260. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168491.cited in Virola theiodora
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Schultes, R.E. (1967) 'The botanical origins of South American snuffs', in Efron, D.H., Holmstedt, B. and Kline, N.S. (eds.) Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 291–306.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Schultes, R.E. (1969) 'De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale commentationes V. Virola as an orally administered hallucinogen', Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 22(6), pp. 229–240. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168370.cited in Virola theiodora
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Schultes, R.E. (1970) ‘The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)’, Bulletin on Narcotics, 22(1), pp. 25–53. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_1_page005.html.cited in Heimia salicifolia
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Schultes, R.E. (1979) 'Evolution of the identification of the myristicaceous hallucinogens of South America', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1(3), pp. 211–239.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Schultes, R.E. and Bright, A. (1977) ‘A native drawing of an hallucinogenic plant from Colombia’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 25(6), pp. 151–159. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168623.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Schultes, R.E. and Farnsworth, N.R. (1980) ‘Ethnomedical, botanical and phytochemical aspects of natural hallucinogens’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 28(2), pp. 123–214. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168645.cited in Heimia salicifolia
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Schultes, R.E. and Holmstedt, B. (1968) 'De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale commentationes II. The vegetal ingredients of the myristicaceous snuffs of the northwest Amazon', Rhodora, 70(781), pp. 113–160. Available at: https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003413926.cited in Virola theiodora
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Schultes, R.E. and Raffauf, R.F. (1990) The Healing Forest: Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens · Diplopterys cabrerana
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Seitz, G.J. (1967) 'Epena, the intoxicating snuff powder of the Waika Indians and the Tucano medicine man, Agostino', in Efron, D.H., Holmstedt, B. and Kline, N.S. (eds) Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. Public Health Service Publication no. 1645. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 315–338. Available at: https://archive.org/details/ethnopharmacolog00efro_0.cited in Virola theiodora
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Shaara, L. and Strathern, A. (1992) ‘A preliminary analysis of the relationship between altered states of consciousness, healing, and social structure’, American Anthropologist, 94(1), pp. 145–160. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a00090.cited in Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Shanon, B. (2008) 'Biblical entheogens: a speculative hypothesis', Time and Mind, 1(1), pp. 51–74. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2752/175169608783489116.cited in Acacia · Peganum harmala
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Sharon, D. (1972) ‘The San Pedro cactus in Peruvian folk healing’, in Furst, P.T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. New York: Praeger, pp. 114–135. Available at: samorini.it.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Sharon, D. (1978) Wizard of the Four Winds: A Shaman’s Story. New York: Free Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780029285800.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
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Sharon, D. (2021) ‘Andean mesas and cosmologies’, Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 21, pp. 1–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32859/era.21.10.1-41.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Sheldrake, M. (2020) ‘The “enigma” of Richard Schultes, Amazonian hallucinogenic plants, and the limits of ethnobotany’, Social Studies of Science, 50(3), pp. 345–376. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312720920362.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Shepard, G.H. Jr (1998) ‘Psychoactive plants and ethnopsychiatric medicines of the Matsigenka’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30(4), pp. 321–332. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1998.10399708.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens · Diplopterys cabrerana · Nicotiana rustica · Psychotria viridis
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Shepard, G.H. Jr and Daly, L. (2022) ‘Sensory ecologies, plant-persons, and multinatural landscapes in Amazonia’, Botany, 100(2), pp. 83–96. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2021-0107.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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St John, G. (2015) Mystery school in hyperspace: a cultural history of DMT. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781583947326.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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St John, G. (2017) ‘Aussiewaska: a cultural history of changa and ayahuasca analogues in Australia’, in Labate, B.C., Cavnar, C. and Gearin, A.K. (eds) The world ayahuasca diaspora: reinventions and controversies. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 143–162.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Stewart, O.C. (1987) Peyote Religion: A History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Strahlenberg, P.J. von (1730) Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia. Stockholm. Available at: Internet Archive.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Swift, T.C. et al. (2017) ‘Cancer at the Dinner Table: Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Distress’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(5), pp. 488–519. doi:10.1177/0022167817715966.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Talin, P. (2025) ‘The Santo Daime without Daime: tactics, agency, and ritual change in ayahuasca religions under prohibition in Italy’, Quotidiana, 1(1), pp. 79–100. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30687/QU/0122-2244/2025/01/004.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Talin, P. (2026) ‘Otherwise ayahuasca expressions: ritual reinvention and social change in ayahuasca rituals’, Studia Religiologica, 58(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.4467/20844077SR.25.006.22458.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Taussig, M. (1987) Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana
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Taylor, A.C. (1993) ‘Remembering to forget: identity, mourning and memory among the Jivaro’, Man, 28(4), pp. 653–678.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Taylor, A.C. (2014) ‘Healing translations: moving between worlds in Achuar shamanism’, HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 4(2), pp. 95–118. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14318/hau4.2.005.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Tedlock, B. (1992) Time and the Highland Maya, revised edn. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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Tene, V. et al. (2007) ‘An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(1), pp. 63–81. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.032.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2026) ‘Ngombi (arched harp), Fang/Kele peoples, 19th century’, object 89.4.3527. The Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments, 1889. Available at: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/502965.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Torres, C.M. and Repke, D.B. (2006) Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America. New York: Haworth Herbal Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4834656W.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina
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Toussi, F. (dir.) (2019) The Medicine [documentary film]. United States: Alma Media / Aperture Media Productions.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Townsley, G. (1993) ‘Song paths: the ways and means of Yaminahua shamanic knowledge’, L’Homme, 33(126–128), pp. 449–468. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3406/hom.1993.369649.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Tupper, K.W. (2008) ‘The globalization of ayahuasca: harm reduction or benefit maximization?’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(4), pp. 297–303. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.001.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex
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Tupper, K.W. (2009) ‘Ayahuasca healing beyond the Amazon: the globalization of a traditional Indigenous entheogenic practice’, Global Networks, 9(1), pp. 117–136. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex
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Uchôa, R. (2026) 'Amazonian cosmologies, plant–human relations and the colonial entanglements of Indigenous artifacts', History of Science, OnlineFirst. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753261423335.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Uzendoski, M.A. and Calapucha-Tapuy, E.F. (2012) The Ecology of the Spoken Word: Amazonian Storytelling and Shamanism among the Napo Runa. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Valdés, L.J. III, Díaz, J.-L. and Paul, A.G. (1983) ‘Ethnopharmacology of ska María Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.)’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 7(3), pp. 287–312. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1.cited in Salvia divinorum · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Vickers, W.T. (1989) Los Sionas y Secoyas: su adaptación al ambiente amazónico. Quito: Abya-Yala.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Vickers, W.T. and Plowman, T. (1984) ‘Useful plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ecuador’, Fieldiana Botany, new series 15.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Wadsworth, J.E. (2006) ‘Jurema and Batuque: Indians, Africans, and the Inquisition in colonial northeastern Brazil’, History of Religions, 46(2), pp. 140–162. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/511448.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Wasson, R.G. (1963) ‘Notes on the present status of ololiuhqui and the other hallucinogens of Mexico’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 20(6), pp. 161–193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168541.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa · Salvia divinorum
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Wasson, R.G. (1968) Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Wasson, R.G., Cowan, G., Cowan, F. and Rhodes, W. (1974) María Sabina and Her Mazatec Mushroom Velada. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Watanabe, Y. (2025) ‘How an onaya dreams: a healer’s affinal relationship with plants’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 36(2), e70008. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.70008.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Watts, R., Day, C., Krzanowski, J., Nutt, D. and Carhart-Harris, R. (2017) ‘Patients’ Accounts of Increased “Connectedness” and “Acceptance” After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(5), pp. 520–564. doi:10.1177/0022167817709585.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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White Cube (2023) ‘Sara Flores’, Paris, 13 December 2023–13 January 2024. Available at: whitecube.com.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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White Cube (2025) ‘Sara Flores: Bakish Mai’, Bermondsey, London, 9 July–7 September 2025. Available at: whitecube.com.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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White Cube (2026a) ‘Sara Flores: Akinananti’, New York, 25 June–14 August 2026. Available at: whitecube.com.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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White Cube (2026b) ‘Sara Flores to represent Peru at the 61st Venice Biennale’, 12 February 2026. Available at: whitecube.com.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Wilbert, J. (1972) ‘Tobacco and shamanistic ecstasy among the Warao Indians of Venezuela’, in Furst, P.T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. New York: Praeger, pp. 55–83.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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Wilbert, J. (1987) Tobacco and Shamanism in South America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/isbn/0300038798.cited in Nicotiana rustica · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Williams, K. (2022) ‘Indigenous philosophies and the “psychedelic renaissance”’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 33(2), pp. 506–527. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12161.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Winkelman, M.J. (2022) ‘Amanita muscaria: Fly Agaric history, mythology and pharmacology’, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 6(1), pp. 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00216.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Winter, J.C. (ed.) (2000) Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780806132624.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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Wylie, L. (2013) ‘Seven “fragments of things”: the aesthetics of yagé’, in Colombia’s Forgotten Frontier: A Literary Geography of the Putumayo. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 183–209.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
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Art, music & material culture

04 · 31 sources
Belaunde, L.E. (ed.) (2009) Kené: arte, ciencia y tradición en diseño. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Brabec de Mori, B. (2012) ‘About magical singing, sonic perspectives, ambient multinatures, and the conscious experience’, Indiana, 29, pp. 73–101. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18441/ind.v29i0.73-101.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Brabec de Mori, B. (2013) ‘A medium of magical power: how to do things with voices in the Western Amazon’, in Zakharine, D. and Meise, N. (eds.) Electrified Voices: Medial, Socio-Historical and Cultural Aspects of Voice Transmission. Göttingen: V&R unipress, pp. 379–401. Available at: https://static.uni-graz.at/fileadmin/gewi-zentren/Sysmus/Dokumente/bbdm/2013_HTDTWV.pdfcited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Brabec de Mori, B. (2015) ‘Sonic substances and silent sounds: an auditory anthropology of ritual songs’, Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America, 13(2), pp. 25–43.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Brabec de Mori, B. (2018) ‘“The Inka’s song emanates from my tongue”: learning and performing Shipibo curing songs’, in Aharonián, C. (coord.) La música y los pueblos indígenas. Montevideo: Centro Nacional de Documentación Musical Lauro Ayestarán, pp. 73–107.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Brabec de Mori, B. and Mori Silvano de Brabec, L. (2009) ‘La corona de la inspiración: los diseños geométricos de los Shipibo-Konibo y sus relaciones con cosmovisión y música’, Indiana, 26, pp. 105–134. https://doi.org/10.18441/ind.v26i0.105-134cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Brabec de Mori, B. and Mori Silvano de Brabec, L. (2009) ‘Shipibo-Konibo art and healing concepts: a critical view on the “aesthetic therapy”’, Viennese Ethnomedicine Newsletter, 11(2–3), pp. 18–26.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Collins, P. (2006) 'Trees and gender in Assyrian art', Iraq, 68, pp. 99–107. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021088900001182.cited in Acacia
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Gebhart-Sayer, A. (1985) ‘The geometric designs of the Shipibo-Conibo in ritual context’, Journal of Latin American Lore, 11(2), pp. 143–175.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
UnverifiedJournal article · ethnographyPeer review not established
Goulart, S.L. (2023) ‘The expressive forms of Amazonian Indigenous peoples and ayahuasca: the Huni Kuin and other Pano groups’, Anthropology of Consciousness. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12179.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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GreenZeb (2013) ‘Calea ternifolia’, photograph via Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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Hofford, C. (2018) ‘Calea ternifolia (syn. Calea zacatechichi) Dream Herb’, photograph at the United States Botanic Garden, via Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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Huxley, A. (1954) The Doors of Perception. London: Chatto & Windus.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Illius, B. (1994) ‘La “Gran Boa”: arte y cosmología de los Shipibo-Konibo’, Amazonía Peruana, 12(24), pp. 185–212. Available at: https://amazoniaperuana.caaap.org.pe/index.php/amazoniaperuana/es/article/view/116.cited in Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) (2018) Xochipilli, el Señor de las Flores. Mexico City: INAH. ISBN 9786075391540. Exhibition catalogue.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Kaye, Q. (1999) ‘Intoxicant use in the prehistoric Caribbean with particular reference to spouted ceramic inhaling bowls’, Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 10, pp. 55–73.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina, Anadenanthera peregrina
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Kindl, O. (2003) La jícara huichola: un microcosmos mesoamericano. Mexico City and Guadalajara: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and Universidad de Guadalajara.cited in Lophophora williamsii · Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Klüver, H. (1928) Mescal: The “Divine” Plant and Its Psychological Effects. London: Kegan Paul.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Lagrou, E. (2018) ‘Anaconda-becoming: Huni Kuin image-songs, an Amerindian relational aesthetics’, Horizontes Antropológicos, 24(51), pp. 17–49. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-71832018000200002.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex · Psychotria viridis · Nicotiana rustica · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms · Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Luna, L. E. and Amaringo, P. (1991) Ayahuasca visions: The religious iconography of a Peruvian shaman. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex · Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000 · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Mattos, A.P. and Huni Kuin, I. (2017) ‘Why MAHKU — Movimento dos Artistas Huni Kuin — sing?’, GIS — Gesture, Image and Sound — Anthropology Journal, 2(1), pp. 61–82. Available at: revistas.usp.br.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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McAllester, D.P. (1949) Peyote Music. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 13. New York: Viking Fund.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Metropolitan Museum of Art (2026a) 'Relief of an Acacia Tree Shading Water Jars with Drinking Cups', accession 26.3.353c, The Met Collection. Available at: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/552052.cited in Acacia
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Metropolitan Museum of Art (2026b) 'Acacia Bead Girdle of Senebtisi', accession 07.227.13, The Met Collection. Available at: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/546869.cited in Acacia
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Mikulska, K. and Hermann Lejarazu, M.A. (2021) ‘Creando el mundo, creando el discurso: similitudes entre los códices Borgia y Vindobonensis’, Revista Española de Antropología Americana, 51, pp. 107–135. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5209/reaa.75963.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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Rizzone, M. (2008) ‘Calea flowering’, photograph via Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0.cited in Calea zacatechichi
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Swan, D.C. (1999) Peyote Religious Art: Symbols of Faith and Belief. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Villalta, D. (2017) ‘Criatividade como uma dádiva do reino vegetal’, Revista Scientiarum Historia, 1(1), e166. Available at: https://revistas.hcte.ufrj.br/index.php/RevistaSH/article/view/166.cited in Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Villalta, D.C. (2020) ‘Arte amazônica, cosmologia e ação política’, Arte & Ensaios, 26(40), pp. 123–139. Available at: https://doi.org/10.37235/ae.n40.9.cited in Vegetalismo and Pajelança Healing Complex
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Wasson, R.G. (1973) ‘The role of “flowers” in Nahuatl culture: a suggested interpretation’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 23(8), pp. 305–324. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168563.cited in Heimia salicifolia · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Wasson, R.G. (1980) The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica. New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 3, ‘Xochipilli, Prince of Flowers: A new interpretation’. Bibliographic record; chapter in French translation.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Chemistry & pharmacology

05 · 205 sources
Agurell, S., Holmstedt, B. and Lindgren, J.-E. (1968) ‘Alkaloid content of Banisteriopsis rusbyana’, American Journal of Pharmacy, 140, pp. 148–151.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
UnverifiedJournal articlePeer review not established
Agurell, S., Holmstedt, B., Lindgren, J.-E. and Schultes, R.E. (1969) 'Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest', Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 23, pp. 903–916.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Akyürek, E.G., Altınok, A. and Karabay, A. (2025) ‘Concurrent consumption of cocoa flavanols and caffeine does not acutely modulate working memory and attention’, European Journal of Nutrition, 64, article 35.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Algradi, A.M., Liu, Y., Yang, B.-Y. and Kuang, H.-X. (2021) ‘Review on the genus Brugmansia: traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 279, 113910. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113910.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Alper, K.R., Stajić, M. and Gill, J.R. (2012) ‘Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine’, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57(2), pp. 398–412. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02008.x.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Altınok, A., Moruzzi, M. and Akyürek, E.G. (2025) ‘Acute effects of cocoa flavanols on cognitive control and response inhibition’, Nutrition, 139, 112860.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Visionary phenomenology

06 · 162 sources
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Brown, T.K., Noller, G.E. and Denenberg, J.O. (2019) ‘Ibogaine and subjective experience: transformative states and psychopharmacotherapy in the treatment of opioid use disorder’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), pp. 155–165. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1598603.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Burby, T. (2021) ‘Cacao as the Key to the Doors of Perception’: Embodied Spirituality, Transcendence, and Healing through Ritualized Entheogen Consumption. MA thesis. University of Oregon.cited in Theobroma cacao
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Case, R. (2007) ‘Review of The age of entheogens & the angels’ dictionary by Jonathan Ott’, Erowid, 18 May. Available at: https://www.erowid.org/library/review/review.php?p=229 (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Castro, P.S.C.C., Leopoldo, K., Pedro, M.O.P. et al. (2025) ‘Lysergic acid amide (LSA), an LSD analog: systematic review of pharmacological effects, adverse outcomes, and therapeutic potentials’, Pharmacy, 13(4), 98. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13040098.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex · Ipomoea corymbosa
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Coe, M., Huestis, M.A., Wang, D.W. et al. (2026) ‘Assessment of abuse potential-related effects of oral dried kratom leaf powder in healthy normal participants following single and multiple daily doses’, Drug Testing and Analysis, 18(7), pp. 922–932. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.70089.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Correia, M.S., Gonzaga, M.J., Temple, C. and Gerona, R.R. (2025) ‘Quantitative analysis of recreational psychoactive mushroom gummies in Portland, Oregon’, Clinical Toxicology, pp. 1–6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2025.2450240.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Davis, A.K., Barsuglia, J.P., Lancelotta, R., Grant, R.M. and Renn, E. (2018) 'The epidemiology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumption', Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), pp. 779–792. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118769063.cited in Phalaris
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Davis, A.K., Clifton, J.M., Weaver, E.G., Hurwitz, E.S., Johnson, M.W. and Griffiths, R.R. (2020) ‘Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine: phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(9), pp. 1008–1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120916143cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Davis, E. (2019) High weirdness: drugs, esoterica, and visionary experience in the seventies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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De Quincey, T. (1821) ‘Confessions of an English opium-eater: being an extract from the life of a scholar’, London Magazine, September and October 1821. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2040.cited in Papaver somniferum
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DeKorne, J. (1994) Psychedelic shamanism: the cultivation, preparation, and shamanic use of psychotropic plants. Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics Unlimited.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex · Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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DeKorne, J. (2011) Psychedelic shamanism: the cultivation, preparation, and shamanic use of psychotropic plants. Updated edn. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781556439995.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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DeKorne, J. (ed.) (1996) Ayahuasca analogues and plant-based tryptamines: the best of The Entheogen Review 1992–1996. El Rito, NM: The Entheogen Review.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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DeKorne, J., Aardvark, D. and Trout, K. (eds) (2000) Ayahuasca analogues and plant-based tryptamines: the best of The Entheogen Review 1992–1999. 2nd edn. Sacramento, CA: The Entheogen Review (ER Monograph Series, 1). Available at: Erowid (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Dickinson, J.E. (2023) ‘Transpersonal intersubjectivity in ibogaine experiences: three cases’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 34(1), pp. 161–180. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12172.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Doan, U.V., Wu, M.-L., Phua, D.-H., Mendez Rojas, B. and Yang, C.-C. (2019) ‘Datura and Brugmansia plants related antimuscarinic toxicity: an analysis of poisoning cases reported to the Taiwan Poison Control Center’, Clinical Toxicology, 57(4), pp. 246–253. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1513527.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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dos Santos, R.G. and Hallak, J.E.C. (2025) ‘Ayahuasca: pharmacology, safety, and therapeutic effects’, CNS Spectrums, 30(1), e2. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285292400213X.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Dupuis, D. (2022) ‘The socialization of hallucinations: cultural priors, social interactions, and contextual factors in the use of psychedelics’, Transcultural Psychiatry, 59(5), pp. 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211036388cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Eadie, M.J. (2003) ‘Convulsive ergotism: epidemics of the serotonin syndrome?’, The Lancet Neurology, 2(7), pp. 429–434. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Echazú Böschemeier, A.G. (2013) ‘Review of Mercante, M.S. (2012) Imagens de cura’, Anuário Antropológico, 38(1), pp. 268–273. Available at: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5998/599866435011.pdf (Accessed: 14 October 2026).cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Eleusis (n.d.a) Eleusis | Legal Extended State Psychedelic Immersion [home page]. Available at: https://eleusismind.com/ (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Eleusis (n.d.b) About Eleusis | Pioneering Extended State Psychedelic Retreat. Available at: https://eleusismind.com/about (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Ermakova, A.O., Dunbar, F., Seynaeve, M. and Millière, R. (2025) ‘Mapping the phenomenology of intranasal 5-MeO-DMT in psychedelic-naïve healthy adults’, Scientific Reports, 15, 38874. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22620-zcited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Favaron, P., Williams, K. and Bédard, A.-A. (2026) ‘Oni pae mera: Ayawaska among the Shipibo-Konibo and the crisis of western universalism’, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 10(2), pp. 173–184. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00497.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Frecska, E., Móré, C.E., Vargha, A. and Luna, L.E. (2012) ‘Enhancement of creative expression and entoptic phenomena as after-effects of repeated ayahuasca ceremonies’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(3), pp. 191–199.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Gabbai, Lisbonne and Pourquier (1951) ‘Ergot poisoning at Pont St. Esprit’, British Medical Journal, 2(4732), pp. 650–651. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4732.650.cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Gallimore, A.R. (2013) 'Building alien worlds—the neuropsychological and evolutionary implications of the astonishing psychoactive effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)', Journal of Scientific Exploration, 27(3), pp. 455–503.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Gallimore, A.R. (2019) Alien information theory: psychedelic drug technologies and the cosmic game. London: Strange Worlds Press. ISBN 9781527234765.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Gallimore, A.R. (2022) Reality switch technologies: psychedelics as tools for the discovery and exploration of new worlds. London: Strange Worlds Press. ISBN 9781739110109.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Gandy, S., Bonnelle, V., Jacobs, E. and Luke, D. (2022) 'Psychedelics as potential catalysts of scientific creativity and insight', Drug Science, Policy and Law, 8.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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González Espejito, F., Esteban Rodríguez, L., Pedrero Pérez, E.J. et al. (2025) ‘The Ibogaine Experience Scale (IES): development and psychometric properties of a multidimensional measure of ibogaine’s subjective effects’, PLOS ONE, 20(10), e0333296. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333296.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Gonzalez, D., Cantillo, J., Perez, I., Carvalho, M., Aronovich, A., Farre, M., Feilding, A., Obiols, J.E. and Bouso, J.C. (2021) ‘The Shipibo ceremonial use of ayahuasca to promote well-being: an observational study’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 623923. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.623923.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Goodwin, G.M. et al. (2025) ‘Results from a long-term observational follow-up study of a single dose of psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depressive disorder’, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 86(1), 24m15449. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.24m15449.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Gracie and Zarkov (1985) 'Gracie's "Visible Language" Contact Experience', Notes from Underground. Reproduced by Erowid, 15 June 2000.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Gracie and Zarkov (1985) ‘Three beta-carboline containing plants as potentiators of synthetic DMT and other indole psychedelics’, Notes from the Underground, 7. Gracie and Zarkov Productions. Available at: Erowid (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Hartwig, J., Kendrick, J., Ahmad, G. et al. (2025) ‘Exploring user experiences with Amanita muscaria: a thematic analysis of Reddit online forum discussions’, Substance Use & Misuse, 60(7), pp. 952–961. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2025.2476141.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Holze, F., Becker, A.M., Kolaczynska, K.E., Duthaler, U. and Liechti, M.E. (2023) ‘Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral psilocybin administration in healthy participants’, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 113(4), pp. 822–831. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2821.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Psilocybe
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Huestis, M.A., Brett, M.A., Bothmer, J. et al. (2024) ‘Human mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine pharmacokinetics after single and multiple daily doses of oral encapsulated dried kratom leaf powder’, Molecules, 29(5), 984. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29050984.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Huestis, M.A., Brett, M.A., Bothmer, J. et al. (2026) ‘Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine plasma pharmacokinetics in humans after single and 15 multiple oral kratom extract doses’, Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 50(6), bkag042. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkag042.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Isbister, G.K., Oakley, P., Dawson, A.H. and Whyte, I.M. (2003) ‘Presumed angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia) poisoning: clinical effects and epidemiology’, Emergency Medicine, 15(4), pp. 376–382. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00477.x.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Jayawickreme, K.P., Janaka, K.W.A., Subasinghe, S., et al. (2019) ‘Unknowing ingestion of Brugmansia suaveolens leaves presenting with signs of anticholinergic toxicity: a case report’, Journal of Medical Case Reports, 13, 322. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-019-2250-1.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Johnson, M.W., MacLean, K.A., Reissig, C.J., Prisinzano, T.E. and Griffiths, R.R. (2011) ‘Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a κ opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1–2), pp. 150–155. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.005.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E.M., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J.L., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., Reber, P.J. and Kounios, J. (2004) 'Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight', PLOS Biology, 2(4), E97.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Kerchner, A. and Farkas, Á. (2020) ‘Worldwide poisoning potential of Brugmansia and Datura’, Forensic Toxicology, 38, pp. 30–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-019-00500-2.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Kjellgren, A., Eriksson, A. and Norlander, T. (2009) ‘Experiences of encounters with ayahuasca: “the vine of the soul”’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41(4), pp. 309–315.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi, Mimosa tenuiflora, Psychotria viridis
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Klaiber, A., Humbert-Droz, M., Ley, L., Schmid, Y. and Liechti, M.E. (2024b) ‘Safety pharmacology of acute mescaline administration in healthy participants’, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.16349.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Kohek, M., Ohren, M., Hornby, P., Alcázar-Córcoles, M.Á. and Bouso, J.C. (2020) ‘The ibogaine experience: a qualitative study on the acute subjective effects of ibogaine’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 31(1), pp. 91–119. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12119.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Konkoly, K.R., Morris, D.J., Hurka, K., Martinez, A.M., Sanders, K.E.G. and Paller, K.A. (2026) 'Creative problem-solving after experimentally provoking dreams of unsolved puzzles during REM sleep', Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2026(1), niaf067.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Lawrence, D.W., Carhart-Harris, R., Griffiths, R. and Timmermann, C. (2022) 'Phenomenology and content of the inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT) experience', Scientific Reports, 12, 8562. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11999-8.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism · Acacia · Mimosa tenuiflora
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Lee, M.R., Dukan, E. and Milne, I. (2018) ‘Amanita muscaria (fly agaric): from a shamanistic hallucinogen to the search for acetylcholine’, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 48(1), pp. 85–91. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2018.119.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Leite, M. (2025) ‘Jonathan Ott, apostle for jurema and entheogens, dies at 76’, Chacruna, 8 July. Available at: https://chacruna.net/jonathan-ott-apostle-for-jurema-and-entheogens-dies-at-76/ (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Luke, D. (2011) 'Discarnate entities and dimethyltryptamine (DMT): psychopharmacology, phenomenology and ontology', Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 75(1), pp. 26–42.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Luke, D. (2012) 'Psychoactive substances and paranormal phenomena: a comprehensive review', International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31(1), pp. 97–156.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Luke, D. (2024) 'David Luke on psychedelics, parapsychology, entheobotany & the psychology of luck', interview, Mangu.tv, 11 December.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Lux (2008) ‘The Entheogen Review’, Erowid Extracts, 15. Available at: https://www.erowid.org/library/periodicals/journals/journals_ter_article1.shtml (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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MacLean, K.A., Johnson, M.W., Reissig, C.J., Prisinzano, T.E. and Griffiths, R.R. (2013) ‘Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects’, Psychopharmacology, 226, pp. 381–392. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2912-9.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Marciniak, S., Bergey, C.M., Silva, A.M., Hałuszko, A., Furmanek, M., Veselka, B., Velemínský, P., Vercellotti, G., Wahl, J., Zariņa, G., Longhi, C., Kolář, J., Garrido-Pena, R., Flores-Fernández, R., Herrero-Corral, A.M., Simalcsik, A., Müller, W., Sheridan, A., Miliauskienė, Ž., Jankauskas, R., Moiseyev, V., Köhler, K., Király, Á., Gamarra, B., Cheronet, O., Szeverényi, V., Kiss, V., Szeniczey, T., Kiss, K., Zoffmann, Z.K., Koós, J., Hellebrandt, M., Maier, R.M., Domboróczki, L., Virag, C., Novak, M., Reich, D., Hajdu, T., von Cramon-Taubadel, N., Pinhasi, R. and Perry, G.H. (2022) 'An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(15), e2106743119.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Mason, N.L., Kuypers, K.P.C., Reckweg, J.T., Müller, F., Tse, D.H.Y., Da Rios, B., Toennes, S.W., Stiers, P., Feilding, A. and Ramaekers, J.G. (2021) 'Spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure', Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 209.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Maung, A.C., Hennessey, M. and Kadiyala, R. (2023) ‘Accidental colourful mushroom poisoning—delirium, delusions and dreams’, Clinical Medicine, 23(4), pp. 417–419. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2023-0103.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Mayagoitia, L., Díaz, J.L. and Contreras, C.M. (1986) ‘Psychopharmacologic analysis of an alleged oneirogenic plant: Calea zacatechichi’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 18(3), pp. 229–243. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90002-4.cited in Calea zacatechichi · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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McKenna, D. (2025) ‘View from the far side: reflections and remembrance of Jonathan Ott’, McKenna Academy of Natural Philosophy, 8 July. Available at: https://mckenna.academy/reflections-and-remembrance-of-jonathan-ott/ (Accessed: 17 October 2026).cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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McKenna, T. (1982) ‘Tryptamine hallucinogens and consciousness’. Lecture recording. Big Sur, CA: Dolphin Tapes. Transcript.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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McKenna, T. (1991) The archaic revival: speculations on psychedelic mushrooms, the Amazon, virtual reality, UFOs, evolution, shamanism, the rebirth of the goddess, and the end of history. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 9780062506139.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000 · Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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McKenna, T. (1991) The archaic revival. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex
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McKenna, T. (1992) Food of the gods: the search for the original tree of knowledge — a radical history of plants, drugs, and human evolution. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 9780553078688.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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McKenna, T. and McKenna, D. (1993 [1975]) The invisible landscape: mind, hallucinogens, and the I Ching. New York: HarperCollins.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Meyer, P. (1992) ‘Apparent communication with discarnate entities induced by dimethyltryptamine (DMT)’, Psychedelic Monographs and Essays, 5. Online edition: https://erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt\_writings2.shtmlcited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Meyer, P. (2015) 'Concerning the nature of the DMT entities and their relation to us'. Talk delivered at Tyringham Hall, England, 23 September.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Meyer, P. (comp.) (n.d.) 340 DMT trip reports: reports which attest to contact with apparently independently-existing intelligent entities within what seems to be an alternate reality. Serendipity. Available at: https://www.serendipity.li/dmt/340_dmt_trip_reports.htm (Accessed: 17 October 2026, through the Internet Archive).cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Michael, P., Luke, D. and Robinson, O. (2021) 'An encounter with the other: a thematic and content analysis of DMT experiences from a naturalistic field study', Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 720717. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720717.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology · Acacia · Banisteriopsis caapi · Mimosa tenuiflora · Psychotria viridis
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Michael, P., Luke, D. and Robinson, O. (2023) 'An encounter with the self: a thematic and content analysis of the DMT experience from a naturalistic field study', Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1083356.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Nardou, R., Sawyer, E., Song, Y.J., Wilkinson, M., Padovan-Hernandez, Y., de Deus, J.L., Wright, N., Lama, C., Faltin, S., Goff, L.A., Stein-O'Brien, G.L. and Dölen, G. (2023) 'Psychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period', Nature, 618(7966), pp. 790–798.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Ott, J. (2001a) ‘Pharmañopo—psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 33(3), pp. 273–281. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Pagni, B.A., Halman, A., Sarris, J., Chenhall, R., Bogenschutz, M.P. and Perkins, D. (2025) ‘Long-term mental health and wellbeing outcomes associated with naturalistic ayahuasca consumption’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Advance online publication. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2465800.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Perkins, D., Opaleye, E.S., Simonova, H., Bouso, J.C., Tófoli, L.F., Galvão-Coelho, N.L., Sarris, J. and Liknaitzky, P. (2021) ‘Associations between ayahuasca consumption in naturalistic settings and current alcohol and drug use: results of a large international cross-sectional survey’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 623979. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.623979.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Rodríguez Arce, J.M. and Winkelman, M.J. (2021) ‘Psychedelics, sociality, and human evolution’, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, article 729425. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Ross, B.M. (2025) 'Leveraging psychedelic neuroscience to boost human creativity using artificial intelligence', Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 8, 1589086.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Sanders, J.W., Millière, R., Demšar, E., Daily, Z.G., Erritzoe, D., Carhart-Harris, R. and Timmermann, C. (2026) ‘Micro-phenomenology of immersion and perceived presences under DMT’, Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2026(1), niag015. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niag015cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., Erowid, E., Erowid, F. and Tagliazucchi, E. (2018) ‘The experience elicited by hallucinogens presents the highest similarity to dreaming within a large database of psychoactive substance reports’, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00007.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Savoldi, R., Roazzi, A. and Sales, R.C.O. (2023) 'Mystical and ego-dissolution experiences in ayahuasca and jurema holistic rituals: an exploratory study', The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 33(4), pp. 332–360.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Schenberg, E.E., de Castro Comis, M.A., Chaves, B.R. and da Silveira, D.X. (2017) ‘A phenomenological analysis of the subjective experience elicited by ibogaine in the context of a drug dependence treatment’, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 1(2), pp. 74–83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.01.2017.007.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Shanon, B. (2002) The antipodes of the mind: charting the phenomenology of the ayahuasca experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199252923.001.0001.cited in Acacia · Ayahuasca Complex · Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Shanon, B. (2010) ‘The epistemics of ayahuasca visions’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), pp. 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-010-9161-3cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Singh, D., Müller, C.P. and Vicknasingam, B.K. (2014) ‘Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 139, pp. 132–137. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.017.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Smith, C.H. (n.d.a) 'Hyperhuman Methods', Contextology.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Smith, C.H. (n.d.b) 'Professor Carl Hayden Smith', Contextology.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Smith, C.H. and Lundström, F. (2024) 'Hyperhumanism in the age of generative AI: the impact on human creativity and identity', Proceedings of EVA London 2024, Electronic Workshops in Computing. BCS.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Soares, C., Lima, G., Teixeira, M., André, R., Rijo, P., Cabral, C. and Castelo-Branco, M. (2026) ‘Ayahuasca enhances functional connectivity in the third visual pathway and mirror neuron networks: a crossover, multiple-dose functional MRI study’, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 21(1), nsag004. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsag004.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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St John, G. (2018a) ‘The breakthrough experience: DMT hyperspace and its liminal aesthetics’, Anthropology of Consciousness, 29(1), pp. 57–76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12089.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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St John, G. (2018b) ‘Gnosis potency: DMT breakthroughs and paragnosis’, in Labate, B.C. and Cavnar, C. (eds.) Plant medicines, healing and psychedelic science. Cham: Springer, pp. 205–222. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_12.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Stojanović, T., Nilsson, K.W., Fredriksson, R., Schiöth, H.B. and Moulin, T.C. (2026) ‘Registered clinical trials of ayahuasca and DMT: a scoping review’, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 120(1), pp. 94–108. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70311.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex
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Stoliker, D., Preller, K.H., Novelli, L., Anticevic, A., Egan, G.F., Vollenweider, F.X. and Razi, A. (2025) ‘Neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery’, Molecular Psychiatry, 30(4), pp. 1259–1266. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Strassman, R. (2001) DMT: the spirit molecule — a doctor's revolutionary research into the biology of near-death and mystical experiences. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press. ISBN 9780892819270.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Psychotria viridis
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Sumnall, H.R., Measham, F., Brandt, S.D. and Cole, J.C. (2011) ‘Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: results from an online survey’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), pp. 1496–1507. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110385596.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Schartner, M., Millière, R., Williams, L.T.J., Erritzoe, D., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Ashton, M., Bendrioua, A., Kaur, O., Turton, S., Nour, M.M., Day, C.M., Leech, R., Nutt, D.J. and Carhart-Harris, R.L. (2019) 'Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG', Scientific Reports, 9, 16324.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Turner, F. (2006) From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226817415.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Winkelman, M.J. (2017) ‘The mechanisms of psychedelic visionary experiences: hypotheses from evolutionary psychology’, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 539. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00539.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Winkelman, M.J. (2018) ‘An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology’, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 2(1), pp. 5–23.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Winkelman, M.J. (2026) 'Psychedelics and the future evolution of humanity', Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 10(1), pp. 4–21.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Wolff, T.J., Ruffell, S., Netzband, N. and Passie, T. (2019) ‘A phenomenology of subjectively relevant experiences induced by ayahuasca in Upper Amazon vegetalismo tourism’, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(3), pp. 295–307.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis
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Wright, T. and Gynn, G. (2014) Return to the brain of Eden: restoring the connection between neurochemistry and consciousness. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions. ISBN 9781620552513.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Clinical research & neuroscience

07 · 80 sources
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Bouso, J.C., Andión, Ó., Sarris, J., Scheidegger, M., Tófoli, L.F., Opaleye, E.S., Schubert, V., Perkins, D. and Sánchez-Avilés, C. (2022) ‘Adverse effects of ayahuasca: results from the Global Ayahuasca Survey’, PLOS Global Public Health, 2(11), e0000438. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000438.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues · Ayahuasca Complex · Mimosa tenuiflora · Psychotria viridis
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Fernstrom, J.D. and Wurtman, R.J. (1971) 'Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels', Science, 173(3992), pp. 149–152.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Gattuso, J.J., Perkins, D., Ruffell, S., Lawrence, A.J., Hoyer, D., Jacobson, L.H., Timmermann, C., Castle, D., Rossell, S.L., Downey, L.A., Pagni, B.A., Galvão-Coelho, N.L., Nutt, D. and Sarris, J. (2023) 'Default mode network modulation by psychedelics: a systematic review', International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(3), pp. 155–188.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Goodwin, G.M., Aaronson, S.T., Alvarez, O. et al. (2022) ‘Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression’, New England Journal of Medicine, 387, pp. 1637–1648. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206443.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Griffiths, R.R., Hurwitz, E.S., Davis, A.K., Johnson, M.W. and Jesse, R. (2019) ‘Survey of subjective “God encounter experiences”: comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT’, PLoS ONE, 14(4), e0214377.cited in Psilocybe
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Griffiths, R.R., Richards, W\.A., McCann, U. and Jesse, R. (2006) ‘Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance’, Psychopharmacology, 187, pp. 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology · Psilocybe
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Halpern, J.H. et al. (2005) ‘Psychological and cognitive effects of long-term peyote use among Native Americans’, Biological Psychiatry, 58(8), pp. 624–631.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Hasler, F., Grimberg, U., Benz, M.A., Huber, T. and Vollenweider, F.X. (2004) ‘Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose–effect study’, Psychopharmacology, 172(2), pp. 145–156.cited in Psilocybe
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Knuijver, T. et al. (2024) ‘The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ibogaine in opioid use disorder patients’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 38(5), pp. 481–488. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241237873.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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Kolp, E., Friedman, H.L., Krupitsky, E., Jansen, K., Sylvester, M., Young, M.S. and Kolp, A. (2014) ‘Ketamine psychedelic psychotherapy: focus on its pharmacology, phenomenology, and clinical applications’, International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 33(2), pp. 84–140. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2014.33.2.84.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Krupitsky, E., Burakov, A., Romanova, T. et al. (2007) ‘Single versus repeated sessions of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy for people with heroin dependence’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39(1), pp. 13–19. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2007.10399860.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Krystal, J.H., Abdallah, C.G., Sanacora, G. et al. (2023) ‘Ketamine: a paradigm shift for depression research and treatment’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(49), e2305772120. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2305772120.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Lewis-Healey, E., Pallavicini, C., Cavanna, F., D'Amelio, T., De La Fuente, L.A., Copa, D., Müller, S., Bruno, N., Tagliazucchi, E. and Bekinschtein, T. (2026) 'Time-resolved neural and experience dynamics of medium- and high-dose N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)', Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 38(6), pp. 1244–1263.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Li, H., Sun, Y., Xu, W., Sun, B., Wu, S., Li, C., Zhao, J., Martin, C. and Tatsis, E.C. (2026) ‘Comparative genome analysis provides a foundation for defining salvinorin A biosynthesis in Salvia divinorum’, Nature Communications, 17, 3414. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70885-3.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Lissemore, J.I. et al. (2025) ‘Magnesium–ibogaine therapy effects on cortical oscillations and neural complexity in veterans with traumatic brain injury’, Nature Mental Health, 3, pp. 918–931. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-025-00463-x.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Ly, C. et al. (2018) ‘Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity’, Cell Reports, 23(11), pp. 3170–3182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Mash, D.C. et al. (2018) ‘Ibogaine detoxification transitions opioid and cocaine abusers between dependence and abstinence: clinical observations and treatment outcomes’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 529. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00529.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Mitchell, J.M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A. et al. (2021) ‘MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study’, Nature Medicine, 27, pp. 1025–1033. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Mitchell, J.M., Ot’alora, G.M., van der Kolk, B. et al. (2023) ‘MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial’, Nature Medicine, 29, pp. 2473–2480. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Noller, G.E., Frampton, C.M. and Yazar-Klosinski, B. (2018) ‘Ibogaine treatment outcomes for opioid dependence from a twelve-month follow-up observational study’, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44(1), pp. 37–46. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1310218.cited in Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Palhano-Fontes, F., Andrade, K.C., Tofoli, L.F., Santos, A.C., Crippa, J.A.S., Hallak, J.E.C., Ribeiro, S. and de Araujo, D.B. (2015) ‘The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network’, PLOS ONE, 10(2), e0118143. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118143.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Palhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H., Andrade, K.C., Novaes, M.M., Pessoa, J.A., Mota-Rolim, S.A., Osório, F.L., Sanches, R., dos Santos, R.G., Tófoli, L.F., de Oliveira Silveira, G., Yonamine, M., Riba, J., Santos, F.R., Silva-Junior, A.A., Alchieri, J.C., Galvão-Coelho, N.L., Lobão-Soares, B., Hallak, J.E.C., Arcoverde, E., Maia-de-Oliveira, J.P. and Araújo, D.B. (2019) ‘Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial’, Psychological Medicine, 49(4), pp. 655–663. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001356.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis · Ayahuasca Complex · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Pasquini, L., Simon, A.J., Gallen, C.L., Kettner, H., Roseman, L., Gazzaley, A., Carhart-Harris, R.L. and Timmermann, C. (2025) 'Dynamic medial parietal and hippocampal deactivations under DMT relate to sympathetic output and altered sense of time, space, and the self', Imaging Neuroscience, 3, imag_a_00541.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Prince, M.A., O’Donnell, M.B., Stanley, L.R. and Swaim, R.C. (2019) ‘Examination of recreational and spiritual peyote use among American Indian youth’, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 80(3), pp. 366–370.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Reckweg, J.T., Uthaug, M.V., Szabo, A., Davis, A.K., Lancelotta, R., Mason, N.L. and Ramaekers, J.G. (2022) 'The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)', Journal of Neurochemistry, 162(1), pp. 128–146. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15587.cited in Virola theiodora
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Riba, J. et al. (2002) ‘Topographic pharmaco-EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers’, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 53(6), pp. 613–628.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Safron, A., et al. (2025) ‘On the varieties of conscious experiences: altered beliefs under psychedelics (ALBUS)’, Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2025(1), niae038. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niae038cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Santos, B.W.L., Moreira, D.C., Borges, T.K.S. and Caldas, E.D. (2022) ‘Components of Banisteriopsis caapi, a plant used in the preparation of the psychoactive ayahuasca, induce anti-inflammatory effects in microglial cells’, Molecules, 27(8), 2500. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082500.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Schimmelpfennig, J. and Jankowiak-Siuda, K. (2025) 'Exploring DMT: endogenous role and therapeutic potential', Neuropharmacology, 268, 110314.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Serrano-Dueñas, M., Cardozo-Peláez, F. and Sánchez-Ramos, J.R. (2001) ‘Effects of Banisteriopsis caapi extract on Parkinson’s disease’, Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 5(3), pp. 127–132.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
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Shattuck, E.C. et al. (2026) ‘Connectedness to nature, ceremonial participation, and mental and physical health among rural and urban Wixárika’, American Journal of Human Biology, 38(6), e70298.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Simpson, R.J., Juruena, M.F. et al. (2026) ‘Effectiveness of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy as a treatment for depression: a systematic review’, Psychopharmacology. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07003-0.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Stoliker, D., Novelli, L., Khajehnejad, M., Biabani, M., Greaves, M.D., Barta, T., Williams, M., Chopra, S., Bazin, O., Simonsson, O., Chambers, R., Barrett, F.S., Deco, G., Preller, K.H., Carhart-Harris, R.L., Seth, A.K., Sundram, S., Egan, G.F. and Razi, A. (2026) 'Psychedelics align brain activity with context', Nature, 656(8129), pp. 936–947.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Haridas, S., Rosas, F.E., Luan, L., Kettner, H., Martell, J., Erritzoe, D., Tagliazucchi, E., Pallavicini, C., Girn, M., Alamia, A., Leech, R., Nutt, D.J. and Carhart-Harris, R.L. (2023) 'Human brain effects of DMT assessed via EEG-fMRI', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(13), e2218949120.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Timmermann, C., Sanders, J.W., Reydellet, D., Barba, T., Luan, L.X., Angona, Ó.S., Ona, G., Allocca, G., Smith, C.H., Daily, Z.G., Mason, N.L., Kloft-Heller, L., Kuchar, M., Janeckova, L., Palenicek, T., Erritzoe, D., Ramaekers, J.G., Carhart-Harris, R.L. and Uthaug, M.V. (2025) 'Exploring 5-MeO-DMT as a pharmacological model for deconstructed consciousness', Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2025(1), niaf007.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Vargas, M.V., Dunlap, L.E., Dong, C., Carter, S.J., Tombari, R.J., Jami, S.A., Cameron, L.P., Patel, S.D., Hennessey, J.J., Saeger, H.N., McCorvy, J.D., Gray, J.A., Tian, L. and Olson, D.E. (2023) 'Psychedelics promote neuroplasticity through the activation of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors', Science, 379(6633), pp. 700–706.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research · The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Zarate, C.A. Jr, Singh, J.B., Carlson, P.J. et al. (2006) ‘A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(8), pp. 856–864. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.856.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Zhao, D., Yu, Y., Shen, Y., Liu, Q., Zhao, Z., Sharma, R. and Reiter, R.J. (2019) 'Melatonin synthesis and function: evolutionary history in animals and plants', Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 249.cited in Psychonautic DMT: Extended Modalities & Hyperspatial Entity/Realm Research
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Toxicology & safety

08 · 27 sources
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Berdai, M.A., Labib, S. and Harandou, M. (2014) ‘Peganum harmala L. intoxication in a pregnant woman’, Case Reports in Emergency Medicine, 2014, 783236. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/783236.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Bourke, C.A. and Carrigan, M.J. (1992) 'Mechanisms underlying Phalaris aquatica "sudden death" syndrome in sheep', Australian Veterinary Journal, 69(7), pp. 165–167. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07503.x.cited in Phalaris
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Bourke, C.A., Carrigan, M.J. and Dixon, R.J. (1988) 'Experimental evidence that tryptamine alkaloids do not cause Phalaris aquatica sudden death syndrome in sheep', Australian Veterinary Journal, 65(7), pp. 218–220. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14462.x.cited in Phalaris
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Kennedy, D.J., Cregan, P.D., Glastonbury, I.R.W., Golland, D.T. and Day, D.G. (1986) 'Poisoning of cattle grazing a low-alkaloid cultivar of Phalaris aquatica, Sirolan', Australian Veterinary Journal, 63(3), pp. 88–89. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02938.x.cited in Phalaris
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Lee, H.J., Kuchel, R.E. and Trowbridge, R.F. (1956) 'The aetiology of phalaris staggers in sheep. II. The toxicity to sheep of three types of pasture containing Phalaris tuberosa', Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(4), pp. 333–344. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9560333.cited in Phalaris
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Lima Bezerra, J.J., Vieira Pinheiro, A.A. and Barbosa Lucena, R. (2021) ‘Phytochemistry and teratogenic potential of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae) in ruminants: a systematic review’, Toxicon, 195, pp. 78–85. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.010.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
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Carbonaro, T.M. et al. (2016) ‘Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), pp. 1268–1278. doi:10.1177/0269881116662634.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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de Carvalho, M.S., de Almeida, G.V.B., Arunachalam, K., Colodel, E.M., Olaya, C.E.B. and Martins, D.T.O. (2024) 'Evaluation of the toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the stem bark of Virola elongata (Benth.) Warb. in in vitro and in vivo models', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 319, 117171.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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European Commission (2024) ‘Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/1808 amending Regulation (EU) 2023/915 as regards the application date of lower maximum levels for ergot sclerotia and ergot alkaloids in food’. Available at: EUR-Lex (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Claviceps purpurea
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Gardner, D.R. et al. (2014) 'Teratogenic effects of Mimosa tenuiflora in a rat model and possible role of N-methyl- and N,N-dimethyltryptamine', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(30), pp. 7398–7401. istry & pharmacology Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5005176.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
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Litjens, R.P.W. and Brunt, T.M. (2016) ‘How toxic is ibogaine?’, Clinical Toxicology, 54(4), pp. 297–302. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2016.1138226.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Ordak, M. (2026) 'Amanita muscaria in the evolving novel psychoactive substances landscape—toxicological risks and clinical implications: a narrative review', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 17, 1838212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1838212.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Rumph, J.T. et al. (2026) 'Severe illness associated with eating mushroom-containing chocolate products—United States, January–October 2024', MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 75(13), pp. 179–184. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7513a2.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Voynova, M., Shkondrov, A., Kondeva-Burdina, M. and Krasteva, I. (2020) 'Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.—a new rising opportunity for biomedicine', Pharmacia, 67(4), pp. 317–323. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e56112.cited in Amanita muscaria
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Conservation & ecology

09 · 55 sources
Alzate-Marin, A.L., Rodrigues, P.A.B., Alzate-Martinez, F.A., Machado, G.P., Martinez, C.A. and Bonifácio-Anacleto, F. (2025) ‘Phenology and spatial genetic structure of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.), a resilient species amid territorial transformation in an urban deciduous forest of southeastern Brazil’, Genes, 16(4), 388. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16040388.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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BGCI and IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019) 'Acacia confusa', The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019, e.T18435782A145823048. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T18435782A145823048.en.cited in Acacia
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Brand, J.E. (2009) 'Effect of different Acacia acuminata variants as hosts on performance of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in the northern and eastern Wheatbelt, Western Australia', Australian Forestry, 72(4), pp. 149–156. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2009.10676297.cited in Acacia
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Brand, J.E., Robinson, N. and Archibald, R.D. (2003) 'Establishment and growth of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in south-western Australia: Acacia host trials', Australian Forestry, 66(4), pp. 294–299. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2003.10674924.cited in Acacia
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Canteiro, C. and Lewis, G. (2020) ‘Anadenanthera colubrina’, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T62478A170266795. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T62478A170266795.en.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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Colin, F., Quiles, A., Schuster, M., Schwartz, D., Duvette, C., Marchand, S., El Dorry, M.A. and van Heesch, J. (2019) 'The end of the “green oasis”: chronological Bayesian modeling of human and environmental dynamics in the Bahariya area (Egyptian Sahara) from Pharaonic Third Intermediate Period to medieval times', Radiocarbon, 62(1), pp. 25–49. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2019.106.cited in Acacia
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Giles, P.V., Salgado Salomón, M.E., Pildain, M.B. and Barroetaveña, C. (2025) 'Molecular analysis confirms the invasion of Amanita muscaria in native Nothofagus forests from Patagonia, Argentina', Biological Invasions, 27, article 256. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-025-03712-3.cited in Amanita muscaria
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Gobierno de México (2023) ‘Decreto por el que se reconocen, protegen, preservan y salvaguardan los lugares y sitios sagrados y las rutas de peregrinación de los pueblos indígenas Wixárika, Náayeri, O’dam o Au’dam y Mexikan’, Diario Oficial de la Federación, 9 August. Available at: sidof.segob.gob.mx (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Haro-Luna, M.X., Ruan-Soto, F., Ramírez-Cruz, V., López-García, A. and Guzmán-Dávalos, L. (2026) ‘Decline of divination practices using Psilocybe mushrooms in the Chinantec region of Oaxaca, Mexico’, Human Ecology, 54, article 87. doi:10.1007/s10745-026-00754-6. Published 3 August 2026; abstract consulted.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
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Hernández-Duarte, S.A., Oliveros-Garay, O.A., González, A. et al. (2025) ‘Infection by Colombian datura virus induces leaf deformation associated with Indigenous selection of angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia spp.)’, VirusDisease, 36, pp. 506–517. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00939-5.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) (2025) Green List: List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control. 36th edn. Vienna: United Nations. Available at: https://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropics/green-list.html.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina · Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis
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International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2019) ‘Tabernanthe iboga’, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: iucnredlist.org (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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INTERPOL (2023) Illicit trafficking in iboga and ibogaine. Lyon: International Criminal Police Organization. Available at: ENACT Africa.cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex · Tabernanthe iboga
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IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group and BGCI (2020) 'Acacia acuminata', The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020, e.T172929407A172929409. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T172929407A172929409.en.cited in Acacia
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IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group and BGCI (2021) 'Virola theiodora', The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021, e.T194009682A194009684. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T194009682A194009684.en.cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex · Virola theiodora
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Journal officiel de la République Gabonaise (2026) ‘Décret No. 0239/PR/MJSRCAVA du 22/05/2026 réglementant l’accès, l’utilisation, l’exploitation, la recherche, la transformation et la commercialisation de l’Iboga, de ses dérivés et des savoirs traditionnels associés’. Available at: journal-officiel.ga (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Lansdown, R.V. (2013) 'Phalaris arundinacea', The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013, e.T164064A1021826. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164064A1021826.en.cited in Phalaris
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Stinca, A. (2020) ‘Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae), a neophyte native to South America new to the alien flora of continental Europe’, BioInvasions Records, 9(4), pp. 660–669. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.01.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
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Texas Health and Human Services (2026) ‘Ibogaine clinical trials’. Available at: hhs.texas.gov (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Bwiti–Iboga Complex
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Wrobel, C., Coulman, B.E. and Smith, D.L. (2008) 'The potential use of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) as a biofuel crop', Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 59(1), pp. 1–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710801920230.cited in Phalaris
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Law, policy & patents

10 · 172 sources
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Austin, T. (2014) ‘Method for producing muscimol and/or reducing ibotenic acid from Amanita tissue’, US Patent US8784835B2, granted 22 July. Available at: Google Patents (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
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Beckley Psytech Ltd (2025) '5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) powder formulation', patent application WO2025153822A1. Available at: patent record (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Circum-Amazonian Snuff Complex
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Béguin, C., Carlezon, W.A., Cohen, B.M., He, M., Lee, D.Y.-W., Richards, M.R. and Liu-Chen, L.-Y. (2009) ‘Salvinorin derivatives and uses thereof’, US Patent 7,629,475 B2, 8 December. Available at: patents.google.com.cited in Salvia divinorum
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Bosse, M. (2024) ‘The “Da Vine” patent: ayahuasca, biopiracy and the limits of plant patent law’, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2, pp. 136–162.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Brazil, Conselho Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas (CONAD) (2010) Resolução No. 1, de 25 de janeiro de 2010. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Conselho Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas (CONAD) (2010) Resolução n.º 1, de 25 de janeiro de 2010. Brasília: Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Available at: gov.br (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (2026) ‘Schedules of controlled substance: temporary placement of 7-hydroxymitragynine above a specified threshold in Schedule I’, Federal Register, 91, pp. 40917–40924. Available at: federalregister.gov.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (2026) ‘21 CFR §1308.12: Schedule II’. Available at: https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-II/part-1308/section-1308.12.cited in Papaver somniferum
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Engel, L., Barratt, M., Ferris, J., Puljevic, C. and Winstock, A. (2023) ‘Mescaline, Peyote and San Pedro: is sustainability important for cacti consumers?’, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(2), pp. 135–142. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00252.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex
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Ermakova, A.O. et al. (2025) ‘Of shrub, cactus, vine and toad: psychedelic species conservation and sustainability’, Frontiers in Conservation Science, 6, 1569528. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2025.1569528.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana · Lophophora williamsii · Psychotria viridis · Tabernanthe iboga · Bwiti–Iboga Complex · Banisteriopsis caapi
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Lemoine, N. and Mendes, H. (2020) Composition huileuse contenant un extrait de Mimosa tenuiflora et utilisations [Oil composition containing Mimosa tenuiflora extract and uses thereof]. FR3083450A1. Available at: https://patents.google.com/patent/FR3083450A1/fr.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
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Gerber, K., Flores, I.G., Ruiz, A.C. and Ali, I. (2021) ‘Ethical concerns about psilocybin intellectual property’, ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), pp. 573–577. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00171.cited in Clinical Psychedelic Ritual Complex
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Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418 (2006). Available at: supreme.justia.com (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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González Romero, M. (2023) ‘Cognitive liberty and the psychedelic humanities’, Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1128996. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128996.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Google Patents (2026a) ‘US3075992A—Esters of indoles’, inventors A. Hofmann and F. Troxler; legal status: expired. Available at: patents.google.com (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Google Patents (2026b) ‘US10519175B2—Preparation of psilocybin, different polymorphic forms, intermediates, formulations and their use’, assignee Compass Pathfinder Ltd. Available at: patents.google.com (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
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Home Office (2025) ‘Controlled drugs list’. London: UK Government. Available at: gov.uk (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Erythroxylum coca · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Indigenous Peyote Conservation Initiative (2020) Sacred Peyote Conservation: Indigenous Strategy and Land Stewardship. Mirando City, Texas: IPCI.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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Kingdom of Thailand (2022) Kratom Plant Act, B.E. 2565 (2022). Government Gazette, 139. Unofficial English translation available at: moleg.go.kr.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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Klaiber, A. et al. (2024) ‘Acute dose-dependent effects of mescaline in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects’, Translational Psychiatry, 14, 475. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03116-2.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi · Lophophora williamsii · Andean Huachuma–Mesa Complex · Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
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Krause, F. (2025) ‘Reassessing ayahuasca regulation in Brazil: strategic framing and cumulative gains’, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 32(4), pp. 380–391. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2024.2415319.cited in Ayahuasca Complex · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Labate, B.C. (2012) ‘Paradoxes of ayahuasca expansion: the UDV–DEA agreement and the limits of freedom of religion’, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 19(1), pp. 19–26. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2011.606397.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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Labate, B.C. and Cavnar, C. (eds.) (2014) Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and Beyond. New York: Oxford University Press.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Ayahuasca Complex
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Labate, B.C. and Feeney, K. (2012) ‘Ayahuasca and the process of regulation in Brazil and internationally: implications and challenges’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 23(2), pp. 154–161. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.06.006.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis · Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
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WO2025178990A1 (2025) ‘Cacao plant cell culture, compositions and methods’. International patent application.cited in Theobroma cacao
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World Health Organization (2003) WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: WHO. Available at: fctc.who.int.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) Kratom, mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine: pre-review report. 44th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Available at: who.int.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: forty-fourth report. WHO Technical Report Series 1037. Geneva: WHO. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL150200W.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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World Health Organization (WHO) (2025) ‘WHO Expert Committee concludes critical review of coca leaf, recommends maintaining current controls’, 10 December. Available at: who.int (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Erythroxylum coca
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World Intellectual Property Organization (2024) WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge. Geneva: WIPO.cited in Theobroma cacao
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World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2009) ‘Angico-branco (Piptadenia colubrina) extracts for use in cosmetic and dermatological formulations’, WO2009106934A1. Available at: WIPO record.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2024) WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge. Geneva: WIPO. Available at: https://www.wipo.int/en/web/treaties/ip/gratk/index.cited in Erythroxylum coca · Ipomoea corymbosa · Theobroma cacao
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Primary records & sources

11 · 200 sources
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Argüelles, J. (1975) The Transformative Vision: Reflections on the Nature and History of Human Expression. Berkeley, CA: Shambhala.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Bache, C.M. (2000) Dark Night, Early Dawn: Steps to a Deep Ecology of Mind. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Bache, C.M. (2019) LSD and the Mind of the Universe: Diamonds from Heaven. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Barnby, J.M., Bell, V., Rains, L.S. and Alderson-Day, B. (2023) ‘The felt-presence experience: from cognition to the clinic’, The Lancet Psychiatry, 10, pp. 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00034-200034-2)cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Barrett, F.S., Preller, K.H. and Kaelen, M. (2018) ‘Psychedelics and music: neuroscience and therapeutic implications’, International Review of Psychiatry, 30(4), pp. 350–362. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1484342.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Barros, H. et al. (2025) ‘Expressive resource in a clinical psychedelic study: art as an integration tool’, Progress in Brain Research, 296, pp. 131–146. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.004.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Bateson, G. (1972) Steps to an ecology of mind. San Francisco: Chandler.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Bathje, G.J., Majeski, E. and Kudowor, M. (2022) ‘Psychedelic integration: an analysis of the concept and its practice’, Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 824077. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.824077.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Belaunde, L.E. (2012) ‘Diseños materiales e inmateriales: la patrimonialización del kené shipibo-konibo y de la ayahuasca en el Perú’, Mundo Amazónico, 3, pp. 123–146.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience · Indigenous Amazonian Shamanisms
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Bey, H. (1991) T.A.Z.: The temporary autonomous zone, ontological anarchy, poetic terrorism. Brooklyn: Autonomedia.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Bird-David, N. (1999) ‘“Animism” revisited: personhood, environment, and relational epistemology’, Current Anthropology, 40(S1), pp. S67–S91. https://doi.org/10.1086/200061cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Bizzotto, J. (2018) ‘The hypothesis on the presence of entheogens in the Eleusinian Mysteries’, Medicina Historica, 2(2), pp. 109–110.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Botanical Dimensions (n.d.) ‘Who we are’. Available at: botanicaldimensions.org (Accessed: 16 August 2026).cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Bourguignon, E. (1968) A Cross-Cultural Study of Dissociational States. Columbus, OH: Research Foundation, Ohio State University.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Bourguignon, E. and Evascu, T.L. (1977) ‘Altered states of consciousness within a general evolutionary perspective: a holocultural analysis’, Behavior Science Research, 12(3), pp. 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717701200303cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Brabec de Mori, B. (2011) ‘The magic of song, the invention of tradition and the structuring of time among the Shipibo (Peruvian Amazon)’, Jahrbuch des Phonogrammarchivs der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2, pp. 169–192.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Brabec de Mori, B. (2013) ‘Shipibo laughing songs and the transformative faculty: performing or becoming the other’, Ethnomusicology Forum, 22(3), pp. 343–361.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Brand, S. (1972) ‘SPACEWAR: Fanatic life and symbolic death among the computer bums’, Rolling Stone, 7 December, pp. 50–58.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Buskell, A. (2017) ‘What are cultural attractors?’, Biology & Philosophy, 32, pp. 377–394. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-017-9570-6.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Carhart-Harris, R.L. et al. (2012) ‘Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(6), pp. 2138–2143. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Carhart-Harris, R.L. et al. (2014) ‘The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Caruana, L. (2001/2010) The First Manifesto of Visionary Art. Paris: Recluse. Available at: https://lcaruana.com/the-first-manifesto-of-visionary-art.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Caruana, L. (2008) Enter Through the Image: The Ancient Image-Language of Myth, Art and Dreams. Paris: Recluse.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Cassirer, E. (1944) An Essay on Man: An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Castaneda, C. (1968) The teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui way of knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Castoriadis, C. (1987) The Imaginary Institution of Society. Translated by K. Blamey. Cambridge: Polity Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, c. 33, s. 63. Available at: legislation.gov.uk (Accessed: 16 August 2026).cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Csordas, T.J. (1993) ‘Somatic modes of attention’, Cultural Anthropology, 8(2), pp. 135–156. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1993.8.2.02a00010.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Dakic, V. et al. (2017) ‘Short term changes in the proteome of human cerebral organoids induced by 5-MeO-DMT’, Scientific Reports, 7, 12863. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12779-5.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Davis, A.K., Barrett, F.S., So, S., Gukasyan, N., Swift, T.C. and Griffiths, R.R. (2021) ‘Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), pp. 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120967878cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Davis, E. (1998) TechGnosis: Myth, magic + mysticism in the age of information. New York: Harmony.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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De Abreu, I.R. et al. (2023) ‘A molecular analysis of substituted phenylethylamines as potential microtubule targeting agents through in silico methods and in vitro microtubule-polymerization activity’, Scientific Reports, 13, 14406. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41600-9.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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del Águila, P. (2014) ‘La ayahuasca te da tu arte’, Mundo Amazónico, 5, pp. 267–272. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15446/ma.v5.45807.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Dewey, J. (1934) Art as Experience. New York: Minton, Balch & Company.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Dobkin de Rios, M. (1972) Visionary vine: Psychedelic healing in the Peruvian Amazon. San Francisco: Chandler.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Durand, G. (1960/1999) The Anthropological Structures of the Imaginary. Translated by M. Sankey and J. Hatten. Brisbane: Boombana Publications.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Eisler, R. (1987) The chalice and the blade: Our history, our future. San Francisco: Harper & Row.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Eliade, M. (1964) Shamanism: Archaic techniques of ecstasy. Translated by W. R. Trask. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Elliott, D. (2004) Proving Woman: Female Spirituality and Inquisitional Culture in the Later Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Erowid (n.d.) ‘About Erowid: Frequently asked questions’. Available at: erowid.org (Accessed: 16 August 2026).cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Favaron, P. and Bensho, C. (2020) ‘Metsá Kené: los diseños y la identidad del pueblo Shipibo-Konibo’, Visitas al Patio, 14(2), pp. 100–114.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Filieri, L. (2024) ‘Directions of objectivity: Cassirer on art as a symbolic language’, Continental Philosophy Review, 57, pp. 361–380. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11007-024-09651-5.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Fontanilla, D. et al. (2009) ‘The hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator’, Science, 323(5916), pp. 934–937. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166127.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Furst, P. T. (1976) Hallucinogens and culture. San Francisco: Chandler & Sharp.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: A. colubrina, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: A. muscaria, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Amanita muscaria
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: E. pachanoi (under its current GBIF name), records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: H. salicifolia, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Heimia salicifolia
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: I. corymbosa, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: L. williamsii, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Lophophora williamsii
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: M. speciosa, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Mitragyna speciosa
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: M. tenuiflora, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: N. rustica, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Nicotiana rustica
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: P. somniferum, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Papaver somniferum
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: P. viridis, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Psychotria viridis
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: S. divinorum, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Salvia divinorum
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: T. cacao, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Theobroma cacao
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: T. iboga, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
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GBIF.org (2026) ‘Occurrence search: V. theiodora, records with coordinates’, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, accessed 12 October 2026.cited in Virola theiodora
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Gebhart-Sayer, A. (1986) ‘Una terapia estética: los diseños visionarios del ayahuasca entre los Shipibo-Conibo’, América Indígena, 46(1), pp. 189–218.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Gell, A. (1998) Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Geraci, J., Viirre, E., Qorri, B. and Pani, L. (2026) ‘Psychedelics and the quantum brain: a falsifiable hypothesis on Posner molecules and spin-dependent pharmacology’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 17, 1777613. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1777613.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Goff, P. (2017) Consciousness and Fundamental Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., Heekeren, K., Neukirch, A., Stoll, M., Stock, C., Obradovic, M. and Kovar, K.-A. (2005) ‘Psychological effects of (S)-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): a double-blind, cross-over study in healthy volunteers’, Pharmacopsychiatry, 38(6), pp. 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-916185cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Gracie and Zarkov (1985) ‘A Tryptamine Expedition’. Erowid Experience Vaults. Posted 15 June 2000. https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=1858cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Grey, A. (1990) Sacred mirrors: The visionary art of Alex Grey. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Griffiths, R.R., Richards, W\.A., Johnson, M.W., McCann, U.D. and Jesse, R.R. (2008) ‘Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), pp. 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108094300cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Grof, S. (1985) Beyond the Brain: Birth, Death, and Transcendence in Psychotherapy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism · Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Grof, S. (1988) The adventure of self-discovery: Dimensions of consciousness and new perspectives in psychotherapy and inner exploration. Albany: State University of New York Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Grof, S. (2016) ‘My ketamine journeys, or ketamine and the enchantment of other worlds’, in Wolfson, P. and Hartelius, G. (eds.) The Ketamine Papers: Science, Therapy, and Transformation. San Jose, CA: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Online edition: https://realitysandwich.com/my-ketamine-journeys-or-ketamine-and-the-enchantment-of-other-worlds/cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Grof, S. and Grof, C. (2010) Holotropic Breathwork: A New Approach to Self-Exploration and Therapy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Hameroff, S. and Penrose, R. (2014) ‘Consciousness in the universe: a review of the “Orch OR” theory’, Physics of Life Reviews, 11(1), pp. 39–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2013.08.002.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Harner, M. J. (1980) The way of the shaman. San Francisco: Harper & Row.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Harner, M. J. (ed.) (1973) Hallucinogens and shamanism. New York: Oxford University Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Henry Art Gallery (2013) ‘Paul Laffoley: Premonitions of the Bauharoque’, exhibition text. Seattle: University of Washington. Available at: https://henryart.org/exhibitions/paul-laffoley-premonitions-of-the-bauharoque.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Hester, L. (2025) ‘From Romanticism and Modernism to psychedelia: tracing the roots of contemporary visionary art’, Jung Journal, 19(3), pp. 34–54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19342039.2025.2520188.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Hoffmann, M. (2012) ‘Forever altered: Robert Venosa and the visionary art world’, MAPS Bulletin, 1 April. Available at: https://maps.org/news/bulletin/forever-altered-robert-venosa-and-the-visionary-art-world/.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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HR Giger Museum (n.d.) ‘HR Giger: chronology’. Gruyères: HR Giger Museum. Available at: https://www.hrgigermuseum.com/hr-giger.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Hwu, C. et al. (2026) ‘Deciphering ibogaine’s matrix pharmacology: multiple transporter modulation at serotonin synapses’, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 148(1), pp. 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c06325.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Hyperreal (n.d.) ‘A cobbled-together history of Hyperreal’. Available at: hyperreal.org (Accessed: 16 August 2026).cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Irwin, L. (1996) The Dream Seekers: Native American Visionary Traditions of the Great Plains. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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James, W. (1902) The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. New York: Longmans, Green.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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James, W. (1907/1975) Pragmatism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Johnson, P. C. (1995) ‘Shamanism from Ecuador to Chicago: A case study in New Age ritual appropriation’, Religion, 25(2), pp. 163–178. doi:10.1006/reli.1995.0015.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Jung, C.G. (1957/1960) ‘The transcendent function’, in The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche. Collected Works, Vol. 8. Translated by R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 67–91.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Jung, C.G. (1959/1968) The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. 2nd edn. Collected Works, Vol. 9, Part 1. Translated by R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Jung, C.G. (2009) The Red Book: Liber Novus. Edited by S. Shamdasani. New York: W.W. Norton.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Kapur, S. (2003) ‘Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(1), pp. 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Kastrup, B. (2018) ‘The universe in consciousness’, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 25(5–6), pp. 125–155. https://philarchive.org/rec/KASTUI.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Kastrup, B. (2019) Analytic Idealism: A Consciousness-Only Ontology. Doctoral thesis. Radboud University Nijmegen. https://philarchive.org/rec/KASAIA-3.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Kelly, K. (1994) Out of control: The rise of neo-biological civilization. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Klüver, H. (1966) Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Koenig, X. et al. (2014) ‘Anti-addiction drug ibogaine inhibits hERG channels: a cardiac arrhythmia risk’, Addiction Biology, 19(2), pp. 237–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00447.x.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Kreisberg, J. C. (1995) ‘A globe, clothing itself with a brain’, Wired, 1 June. Available at: wired.com (Accessed: 16 August 2026).cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Kroll, J. and Bachrach, B. (1982) ‘Medieval visions and contemporary hallucinations’, Psychological Medicine, 12(4), pp. 709–721. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049023cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Langlitz, N. (2009) ‘Pharmacovigilance and post-black market surveillance’, Social Studies of Science, 39(3), pp. 395–420. doi:10.1177/0306312708101977.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Larøi, F., Luhrmann, T.M., Bell, V., Christian, W.A., Deshpande, S., Fernyhough, C., Jenkins, J. and Woods, A. (2014) ‘Culture and hallucinations: overview and future directions’, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(Suppl. 4), pp. S213–S220. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu012cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Laughlin, C. D. (2013) ‘Dreaming and reality: A neuroanthropological account’, International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 32(1), pp. 64–78. doi:10.24972/ijts.2013.32.1.64.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Lilly, J. C. (1972 [1968]) Programming and metaprogramming in the human biocomputer. New York: Julian Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Lindquist, G. (1997) Shamanic performances on the urban scene: Neo-shamanism in contemporary Sweden. Stockholm: Stockholm University.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Lotman, J. (2005) ‘On the semiosphere’, translated by W. Clark, Sign Systems Studies, 33(1), pp. 205–229. Available at: https://doi.org/10.12697/SSS.2005.33.1.09.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Lovelock, J. (1979) Gaia: A new look at life on Earth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Lovelock, J. E. and Margulis, L. (1974) ‘Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: The Gaia hypothesis’, Tellus, 26(1–2), pp. 2–10. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v26i1-2.9731.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Mago, J. et al. (2026) ‘Computational spirits: a neuroscientific account of psychedelic entity encounters’, Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2026(1), niaf069. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niaf069.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Mandelbrot, B. B. (1982) The fractal geometry of nature. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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MAPS (n.d.) ‘A brief history of the MAPS Bulletin’. Available at: maps.org (Accessed: 16 August 2026).cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Margulis, L. (1981) Symbiosis in cell evolution. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Marshall, J. (1994) ‘Zippies!’, Wired, 1 May. Available at: wired.com (Accessed: 16 August 2026).cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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McCormick, C. (2024) ‘MARS-1: the edge of unknowing’, Juxtapoz. Available at: https://www.juxtapoz.com/news/magazine/features/mars-1-the-edge-of-unknowing/.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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McGovern, H.T., Hutchinson, B.T., Corlett, P.R., Laukkonen, R.E., et al. (2024) ‘An integrated theory of false insights and beliefs under psychedelics’, Nature Mental Health, 2, pp. 1006–1018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00120-6cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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McKenna, T. (1990) ‘Opening the doors of creativity’, lecture delivered at the Carnegie Art Museum, 20 October. Transcript available at: https://www.organism.earth/library/document/opening-the-doors-of-creativity.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. and Behrens, W. W. III (1972) The limits to growth. New York: Universe Books.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Meier, A.C. (2025) ‘Emery Blagdon’, collection biography. New York: American Folk Art Museum. Available at: https://collection.folkartmuseum.org/people/2939/emery-blagdon/objects.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Meow Wolf (n.d.) ‘Luis Tamani Amasifuen’, artist and contributor biography. Available at: https://credits.meowwolf.com/people/luis-tamani-amasifuen/.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Meyer, B. (2008) ‘Media and the senses in the making of religious experience: an introduction’, Material Religion, 4(2), pp. 124–134. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2752/175183408X328262.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Meyer, B. (2011) ‘Mediation and immediacy: sensational forms, semiotic ideologies and the question of the medium’, Social Anthropology, 19(1), pp. 23–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2010.00137.x.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Mikosz, J.E. (2015) ‘Psychedelia and visionary art: the work of art as the result of interaction between culture and non-ordinary states of consciousness’, Relegens Thréskeia, 4(2). Available at: https://visionary.art/psychedelia-and-visionary-art/.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Miller, T. and Nielsen, L. (2015) ‘Measure of significance of Holotropic Breathwork in the development of self-awareness’, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(12), pp. 796–803. doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0297.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Milner, M. (1950/2011) On Not Being Able to Paint. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Moliner, R. et al. (2023) ‘Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB’, Nature Neuroscience, 26, pp. 1032–1041. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01316-5.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Mollaahmetoglu, O.M., Keeler, J., Ashbullby, K.J., Ketzitzidou-Argyri, E., Grabski, M., Morgan, C.J.A. and Freeman, T.P. (2021) ‘“This is something that changed my life”: a qualitative study of patients’ experiences in a clinical trial of ketamine treatment for alcohol use disorders’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 695335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695335cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Morgan, D. (2014) ‘The ecology of images: seeing and the study of religion’, Religion and Society, 5(1), pp. 83–105. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3167/arrs.2014.050106.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Mosurinjohn, S. and Ascough, R.S. (2026) ‘Psychedelics, Eleusis, and the invention of religious experience’, Psychedelic Medicine, 4(1), pp. 35–44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/28314425251361835.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Muetzelfeldt, L., Kamboj, S.K., Rees, H., Taylor, J., Morgan, C.J.A. and Curran, H.V. (2008) ‘Journey through the K-hole: phenomenological aspects of ketamine use’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(3), pp. 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.024cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Muraresku, B.C. (2020) The Immortality Key: The Secret History of the Religion with No Name. New York: St Martin’s Press.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
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Musée du quai Branly–Jacques Chirac (2023) ‘Shamanic Visions: Ayahuasca Arts in the Peruvian Amazon’, exhibition documentation. Available at: https://m.quaibranly.fr/en/exhibitions-and-events/at-the-museum/exhibitions/event-details/e/shamanic-visions-40094.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Neumann, E. (1959) Art and the Creative Unconscious. Translated by R. Manheim. Princeton: Princeton University Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Noel, D. C. (1997) The soul of shamanism: Western fantasies, imaginal realities. New York: Continuum.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Oña, G. et al. (2022) ‘The adverse events of ibogaine in humans: an updated systematic review of the literature (2015–2020)’, Psychopharmacology, 239, pp. 1977–1987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05964-y.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Orr, L. and Ray, S. (1977) Rebirthing in the New Age. Millbrae, CA: Celestial Arts.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Oss, O. T. and Oeric, O. N. (1976) Psilocybin: Magic mushroom grower’s guide. Berkeley, CA: And/Or Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Ott, J. (1993) Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic drugs, their plant sources and history. Kennewick, WA: Natural Products Company.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Papo, D. (2016) ‘Commentary: The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00423.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Peill, J.M., Trinci, K.E., Kettner, H., Mertens, L.J., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Rosas, F.E., Lyons, T., Cumming, P., Erritzoe, D., Nutt, D.J. and Carhart-Harris, R.L. (2022) ‘Validation of the Psychological Insight Scale: a new scale to assess psychological insight following a psychedelic experience’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(1), pp. 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211066709cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Penrose, R. (1989) The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Penrose, R. (1994) Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Philosophical Research Society (2024) Momentary Blasts of Unexpected Light: The Visionary Art of Burt Shonberg, exhibition text. Los Angeles: Philosophical Research Society. Available at: https://www.prs.org/momentary-blasts-of-unexpected-light-the-visionary-art-of-burt-shonberg.html.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Piccinini, J.I. et al. (2025) ‘Transient destabilization of whole brain dynamics induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)’, Communications Biology, 8, 409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-07576-0.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of chaos: Man’s new dialogue with nature. New York: Bantam.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Ratcliffe, M. (2008) Feelings of Being: Phenomenology, Psychiatry and the Sense of Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Rheingold, H. (1993) The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Rojas-Hernández, J. and Borkel, L.F. (2026) ‘Feelings of reality: toward a phenomenology of experiential realness’, Review of General Psychology, OnlineFirst, 23 July. https://doi.org/10.1177/10892680261468208cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Idialu-Ikato, K., Kaelen, M., Watts, R. and Carhart-Harris, R.L. (2019) ‘Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: validation of the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(9), pp. 1076–1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119855974cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Roszak, T. (1986) From Satori to Silicon Valley: San Francisco and the American counterculture. San Francisco: Don’t Call It Frisco Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Rothberg, R.L., Azhari, N., Haug, N.A. and Dakwar, E. (2021) ‘Mystical-type experiences occasioned by ketamine mediate its impact on at-risk drinking: results from a randomized, controlled trial’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(2), pp. 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120970879cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Rousseau, V. (2020) ‘Melvin Way’, American Folk Art Museum, 22 July. Available at: https://folkartmuseum.org/news/melvinway/.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Rubin, D.S. (ed.) (2010) Psychedelic: Optical and Visionary Art Since the 1960s. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Sage, A. (n.d.) ‘Biography’. Available at: https://www.amandasage.com/biography.html.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Sames, D. (2026a) ‘Meet the greatest ibogaine psychedelic scientist you’ve never heard of’, interview, Giant’s Shoulder. YouTube.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Sames, D. (2026b) ‘Ibogaine and matrix pharmacology theory: new framework for understanding and developing iboga neurotherapeutics’, research seminar, University of Arizona, 14 April. Seminar record.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Schultes, R. E. and Hofmann, A. (1979) Plants of the gods: Origins of hallucinogenic use. New York: McGraw-Hill.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Seragnoli, F., Picard, F., Thorens, G., Buchard, A., Geyer, M., Abatista, A., Ponomarenko, P., Petignat, C., Riccardi, M., Bisson, M., Rochat, L., Penzestadler, L., Zullino, D. and Billieux, J. (2025) ‘Metacognitive feelings of epistemic gain are central to the understanding of psychedelic-induced mystical-type experiences’, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 49, pp. 873–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-025-10588-zcited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Shamdasani, S. (2009) ‘Introduction’, in Jung, C.G., The Red Book: Liber Novus. New York: W.W. Norton, pp. 193–221.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Shani, I. (2015) ‘Cosmopsychism: a holistic approach to the metaphysics of experience’, Philosophical Papers, 44(3), pp. 389–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/05568641.2015.1106709.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Shanon, B. (2002a) ‘Ayahuasca visualizations: a structural typology’, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9(2), pp. 3–30.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A. (1991) PiHKAL: A chemical love story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Singleton, S.P. et al. (2025) ‘Network control energy reductions under DMT relate to serotonin receptors, signal diversity, and subjective experience’, Communications Biology, 8, 631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-08078-9.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Sluhovsky, M. (2007) Believe Not Every Spirit: Possession, Mysticism, and Discernment in Early Modern Catholicism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Solter, J. (n.d.) I've Been There. Artist and reception record. Threyda. Available at: https://www.threyda.com/products/ive-been-there-by-jonathan-solter.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Sperber, D. (1996) Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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St John, G. (2012) Global tribe: Technology, spirituality and psytrance. Sheffield: Equinox.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Starhawk (1979) The spiral dance: A rebirth of the ancient religion of the Great Goddess. San Francisco: Harper & Row.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Stock, G. (1993) Metaman: The merging of humans and machines into a global superorganism. New York: Simon & Schuster.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Sweetser, E. (1990) From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620904cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Telles-Correia, D., Moreira, A.L. and Gonçalves, J.S. (2015) ‘Hallucinations and related concepts—their conceptual background’, Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00991cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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The Bible: Authorized King James Version (1611). Project Gutenberg edition, eBook 10. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10.cited in Acacia
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Thornton, S. (1995) Club cultures: Music, media and subcultural capital. Cambridge: Polity.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Letheby, C., Roseman, L., Rosas, F.E. and Carhart-Harris, R.L. (2021) ‘Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs’, Scientific Reports, 11, 22166. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2cited in Hyperreality, Meaning-Salience, and Presence in Entheogenic Phenomenology
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Turner, V. (1974) ‘Liminal to liminoid, in play, flow, and ritual: an essay in comparative symbology’, Rice Institute Pamphlet—Rice University Studies, 60(3), pp. 53–92.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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van Gennep, A. (1909/1960) The Rites of Passage. Translated by M.B. Vizedom and G.L. Caffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Venosa, R. (n.d.-a) ‘Biography’. Available at: https://www.venosa.com/biography.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Venosa, R. (n.d.-b) ‘Dalí and Cadaqués’. Available at: https://www.venosa.com/dali-cadaques.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Vienna Academy of Visionary Art (2013–2020) ‘Programme archive and institutional information’. Available at: https://vienna-academyofvisionaryart.com/programmes/information.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Vohryzek, J. et al. (2025) ‘N,N-dimethyltryptamine effects on connectome harmonics, subjective experience and comparative psychedelic experiences’, Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-025-02190-4.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Wallis, R. J. (2003) Shamans/neo-shamans: Ecstasies, alternative archaeologies and contemporary Pagans. London: Routledge.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Warburg, A. (1999) The Renewal of Pagan Antiquity: Contributions to the Cultural History of the European Renaissance. Translated by D. Britt. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Wasiwaska Research Center (n.d.) ‘Anderson Debernardi’. Available at: https://www.wasiwaska.org/anderson-debernardi/.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Williams, R. (1977) Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Winkelman, M. (2001) ‘Psychointegrators: multidisciplinary perspectives on the therapeutic effects of hallucinogens’, Complementary Health Practice Review, 6(3), pp. 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/153321010100600304.cited in The Organised Psychedelic Mind: Psychointegrators and the Gradient from Neural Entropy to Analytic Idealism
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Winnicott, D.W. (1971) Playing and Reality. London: Tavistock Publications.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Wojcik, D. (2018) ‘Trauma, flying saucers and the art of Ionel Talpazan’, Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e27. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000386.cited in Ritual, Art and Visionary Experience
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Znamenski, A. A. (2007) The beauty of the primitive: Shamanism and the Western imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.cited in Archaic Futures: Psychedelic Shamanism, Pangaean Entheobotany and the Cybernetic Counterculture, c. 1970–2000
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Speculative theories and their critics

12 · 4 sources
Davis, E. (2016) ‘The weird naturalism of the brothers McKenna: esoteric media and the experiment at La Chorrera’, International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 7(2), pp. 175–198. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v7i2.31944.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Flattery, D.S. and Schwartz, M. (1989) Haoma and harmaline: the botanical identity of the Indo-Iranian sacred hallucinogen “soma” and its legacy in religion, language, and Middle Eastern folklore. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (Near Eastern Studies, 21).cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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Hanegraaff, W.J. (2010) ‘“And end history. And go to the stars”: Terence McKenna and 2012’, in Cusack, C.M. and Hartney, C. (eds) Religion and retributive logic: essays in honour of Professor Garry W. Trompf. Leiden: Brill (Numen Book Series, 126), pp. 291–312.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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St John, G. (2016) ‘The DMT gland: the pineal, the spirit molecule, and popular culture’, International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 7(2), pp. 153–174. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v7i2.31949.cited in Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
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