Pharmakon · Archive view
The Bibliography
Entheocene's complete evidentiary base: 1646 entries in Harvard style, sorted into 12 research threads, each entry in one thread only. A work cited by several pages is one entry, listing every page that cites it; a few works cited in different forms on different pages still appear once per form.
How to read the labels on each source
- Source type
- What kind of work it is: journal article, book, legislation, patent application, database record and so on. A word after the dot (ethnography, protologue, primary source) keeps the genre the entry was first filed under. “Unclassified” means the citation does not say enough to tell.
- Peer review
- Recorded for each work separately, and only where it has been confirmed for that work. It is never inferred from a DOI, a publisher or a journal, since journals also publish editorials, letters and commentaries. Where it has not been confirmed, the entry records it as not established. It does not apply to legislation, court decisions, treaties, patents, datasets, database and collection records, historical texts, films, talks, press releases or web pages.
- Check
- What was checked when the entry was added. DOI checked: the DOI’s registry record (Crossref) matched the citation’s title, first author and year. Verified: the record itself was opened and matched the citation: a library catalogue record for a book, or the page itself for a database entry, law, patent or archive document. “Verified (abstract)” and “(summary)” mean only the abstract or a summary was read. Located: a record was found but not fully matched. Bibliographic record and Stable record (in essays): a catalogue or stable web record exists; what was checked against it is not recorded. Unverified: no check is recorded. No locator found: a search found no record. Secondary: read through another source.
- What the labels do not say
- None of them means the source supports a particular sentence. Where a sentence is graded, its evidence note names its sources and whether each supports it, disputes it or gives context. Dates and reviewers of checks are not recorded for each entry; the version note at the foot of a graded page dates its last review.
Botany & taxonomy
01 · 223 sources
Albesiano, S. (2012) ‘A new taxonomic treatment of the genus Trichocereus (Cactaceae) in Chile’, Haseltonia, 18, pp. 116–139. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2985/026.018.0114.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
Anderson, E.F. (1996) Peyote: The Divine Cactus. 2nd edn. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.cited in Lophophora williamsii
Anderson, W.R. and Davis, C.C. (2006) ‘Expansion of Diplopterys at the expense of Banisteriopsis (Malpighiaceae)’, Harvard Papers in Botany, 11(1), pp. 1–16.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
Andrade, C.M.L. et al. (2025) ‘Establishment of Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. callus cultures, plantlet regeneration and in vitro production of the hallucinogenic indole alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine’, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 161, 65.cited in Psychotria viridis
Argout, X. et al. (2011) ‘The genome of Theobroma cacao’, Nature Genetics, 43, pp. 101–108.cited in Theobroma cacao
Bachman, S.P., Brown, M.J.M., Leão, T.C.C., Lughadha, E.N. and Walker, B.E. (2024) ‘Extinction risk predictions for the world’s flowering plants to support their conservation’, New Phytologist, 242(2), pp. 797–808. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19592.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana · Salvia divinorum
Baillon, H.E. (1888) ‘Tabernanthe iboga’, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris, 1, p. 783.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
Bentham, G. (1853) 'Notes on the American species of Myristica', Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, 5, pp. 1–9. Available at: https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002356803.cited in Virola theiodora
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. and Celis, M. (eds.) (2020) ‘Anadenanthera peregrina’, Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia. Available at: colplanta.org (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Anadenanthera peregrina
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. and Celis, M. (eds) (2015) Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
Bessa, P. (1819) ‘Brugmansia suaveolens as Datura arborea’, in Duhamel du Monceau, H.-L., Traité des arbres et arbustes, new edn, vol. 7, plate 1. Available via Wikimedia Commons.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
BGCI and IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019) ‘Tabernanthe iboga’, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, e.T120678584A143718006. Available at: iucnredlist.org.cited in Tabernanthe iboga
Biazatti, S.C. et al. (2026) ‘Machine learning recovers folk classification of Banisteriopsis caapi from herbarium leaves, an ayahuasca liana’, iScience, 29(5), 115753.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana
Bonifácio-Anacleto, F., Moraes Filho, R.M., Borges, L.M., Martinez, C.A. and Alzate-Marin, A.L. (2024) ‘Molecular discrimination for two Anadenanthera species of seasonally dry tropical forest remnants in Brazil’, Taxonomy, 4(1), pp. 150–162. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4010008.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina · Anadenanthera peregrina
Borges, L.A., Machado, I.C. and Lopes, A.V. (2017) ‘Bee pollination and evidence of substitutive nectary in Anadenanthera colubrina (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)’, Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 11, pp. 263–271. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9514-8.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
Bradshaw, A.J., Ramírez-Cruz, V., Awan, A.R., Furci, G., Guzmán-Dávalos, L. and Dentinger, B.T.M. (2024) ‘Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(3), e2311245121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2311245121.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
Brenan, J.P.M. (1955) ‘Notes on Mimosoideae: I’, Kew Bulletin, 10(2), pp. 161–192. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/4108864.cited in Anadenanthera colubrina
Brito-da-Costa, A.M., Dias-da-Silva, D. and Gomes, N.G.M. (2020) ‘Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ayahuasca alkaloids N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine: clinical and forensic impact’, Pharmaceuticals, 13(11), 334.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Diplopterys cabrerana · Psychotria viridis
Britton, N.L. and Rose, J.N. (1920) The Cactaceae, vol. 2. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, pp. 134–135.cited in Echinopsis pachanoi
Bruhn, J.G., De Smet, P.A.G.M., El-Seedi, H.R. and Beck, O. (2002) ‘Mescaline use for 5700 years’, The Lancet, 359(9320), p. 1866. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9.cited in Wixárika Peyote–Pilgrimage–Nierika Complex
Byrne, M., MacDonald, B. and Coates, D. (2002) 'Phylogeographical patterns in chloroplast DNA variation within the Acacia acuminata (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) complex in Western Australia', Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15(4), pp. 576–587. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00429.x.cited in Acacia
Callaway, J.C. (2005) ‘Fast and slow metabolizers of hoasca’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), pp. 157–161. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2005.10399797.cited in Ayahuasca Complex
Callaway, J.C. (2005b) ‘Various alkaloid profiles in decoctions of Banisteriopsis caapi’, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), pp. 151–155.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
Callaway, J.C. et al. (1996) ‘Quantitation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuasca’, Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), pp. 492–497.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
Callaway, J.C. et al. (1999) ‘Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(3), pp. 243–256.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi · Psychotria viridis · Pangaean Entheobotanical Renewal : Ayahuasca Analogues
Camargo-Ricalde, S.L. (2000) 'Descripción, distribución, anatomía, composición química y usos de Mimosa tenuiflora (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) en México', Revista de Biología Tropical, 48(4), pp. 939–954.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
Caputo, L., Cornara, L., Bazzicalupo, M. et al. (2021) ‘Mentha pulegium L.: a plant underestimated for its toxicity to be recovered from the perspective of the circular economy’, Molecules, 26(8), 2394. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082394.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
Carboué, Q. and Lopez, M. (2021) ‘Amanita muscaria: ecology, chemistry, myths’, Encyclopedia, 1(3), pp. 905–914. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030069.cited in Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
Carvalho, A.B. et al. (2026) ‘Diversity and genetic structure of mariri tucunacá (Banisteriopsis caapi) populations in the southern Brazilian Amazon rainforest’, Acta Amazonica, 56, e56bc25184.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
Casselman, I., Nock, C.J., Wohlmuth, H., Weatherby, R.P. and Heinrich, M. (2014) ‘From local to global—fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(2), pp. 768–783. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032.cited in Salvia divinorum · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
Chan, C.B.M. et al. (2021) ‘The alkaloids from Lophophora diffusa and other “false peyotes”’, Journal of Natural Products, 84(8), pp. 2398–2407.cited in Lophophora williamsii
Chavarro-Mesa, E. et al. (2024) ‘The mitogenomic landscape of Banisteriopsis caapi (Malpighiaceae), the sacred liana used for ayahuasca preparation’, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 47(2), e20230301.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
Cornejo, O.E. et al. (2018) ‘Population genomic analyses of the chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L., provide insights into its domestication process’, Communications Biology, 1, 167.cited in Theobroma cacao
Coulter, J.M. (1894) ‘Preliminary revision of the North American species of Cactus, Anhalonium and Lophophora’, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 3, pp. 91–132.cited in Lophophora williamsii
Cuatrecasas, J. (1958) ‘Prima Flora Colombiana: 2. Malpighiaceae’, Webbia, 13(2), pp. 343–664.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
Davis, C.C. and Anderson, W.R. (2010) ‘A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology’, American Journal of Botany, 97(12), pp. 2031–2048.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
DMTrott (2017) ‘Oliluiqui seeds’, photograph via Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oliluiqui_Seeds.jpg.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
Dung, J.K.S., Alderman, S.C., Kaur, N. and Walenta, D.L. (2021) ‘Ergot of grasses: disease biology and management’, Phytopathology, 111(10), pp. 1727–1737. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-20-0289-R.cited in Claviceps purpurea
Dupin, J. and Smith, S.D. (2018) ‘Phylogenetics of Datureae (Solanaceae), including description of the new genus Trompettia and re-circumscription of the tribe’, Taxon, 67(2), pp. 359–375. Available at: https://doi.org/10.12705/672.6.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
Durante, Í., dos Santos, R.G., Bouso, J.C. et al. (2021) ‘Risk assessment of ayahuasca use in a religious context: self-reported risk factors and adverse effects’, Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(4), pp. 362–369. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0913.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
Elser, D. et al. (2023) ‘Evolutionary metabolomics of specialized metabolism in the genus Nicotiana’, Science Advances, 9, eade8984. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade8984.cited in Nicotiana rustica
EP1688048A1 (2006) ‘Coca leaf-based beverage and process for obtaining coca leaf extract’. European patent application. Available at: Google Patents.cited in Erythroxylum coca
Epling, C. and Játiva-M., C.D. (1962) ‘A new species of Salvia from Mexico’, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 20(3), pp. 75–76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168537.cited in Salvia divinorum
Ermakova, A.O. et al. (2021) ‘Densities, plant sizes, and spatial distributions of six wild populations of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) in Texas, U.S.A.’, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 15(1), pp. 149–160.cited in Lophophora williamsii
Eserman, L.A., Tiley, G.P., Jarret, R.L., Leebens-Mack, J.H. and Miller, R.E. (2014) ‘Phylogenetics and diversification of morning glories (tribe Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae) based on whole plastome sequences’, American Journal of Botany, 101(1), pp. 92–103. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300207.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
Flora of China Editorial Committee (2010) 'Acacia confusa Merrill', Flora of China, 10, pp. 55–56. Available at: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011848.cited in Acacia
Fonseca, A.M., dos Santos, R.G., de Medeiros, L.S. et al. (2025) ‘Long-term ayahuasca use is associated with preserved global cognitive function and improved memory: a cross-sectional study with ritual users’, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 275(2), pp. 519–531. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-024-01817-9.cited in Brazilian Ayahuasca–Jurema Syncretic Religions Complex
Gates, B. (1982) Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys (Malpighiaceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 30. New York: New York Botanical Garden.cited in Diplopterys cabrerana
GBIF Secretariat (2026) ‘Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link’, GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5420914, with synonyms and vernacular names. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5420914.cited in Heimia salicifolia
GBIF Secretariat (2026) ‘Papaver somniferum L.’, GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 2888439. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/2888439.cited in Papaver somniferum
GBIF Secretariat (2026a) Psilocybe mexicana R.Heim. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242538, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
GBIF Secretariat (2026b) Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242497, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
GBIF Secretariat (2026c) Psilocybe zapotecorum R.Heim. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242545, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
GBIF Secretariat (2026d) Psilocybe aztecorum R.Heim. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242509, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life.cited in Psilocybe
GBIF Secretariat (2026e) Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, usageKey 5242510, with vernacular names from Catalogue of Life. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5242510.cited in Psilocybe
GBIF.org (2026) 'Peganum harmala L.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: occurrence search and IUCN Red List checklist. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/3189912.cited in Peganum harmala
GBIF.org (2026) 'Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.: occurrence search', Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=3152844.cited in Virola theiodora
GBIF.org (2026a) 'Acacia confusa Merr.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: distribution and occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/2978466.cited in Acacia
GBIF.org (2026a) 'Phalaris arundinacea L.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: synonyms, vernacular names and occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5289756.cited in Phalaris
GBIF.org (2026b) 'Acacia acuminata Benth.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/2979180.cited in Acacia
GBIF.org (2026b) 'Phalaris aquatica L.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: synonyms, vernacular names and occurrence records. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/5289746.cited in Phalaris
GBIF.org (2026c) 'Vachellia Wight & Arn.', Global Biodiversity Information Facility: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/8142432.cited in Acacia
Geml, J., Laursen, G.A., O'Neill, K., Nusbaum, H.C. and Taylor, D.L. (2006) 'Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)', Molecular Ecology, 15(1), pp. 225–239. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
Geml, J. et al. (2008) 'Evidence for strong inter- and intracontinental phylogeographic structure in Amanita muscaria, a wind-dispersed ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48(2), pp. 694–701. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.029.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
Gibson, S.D., Halvorson, K.S., Myers, L. and Colla, S.R. (2022) ‘Insect visitation and pollination of a culturally significant plant, Hopi tobacco (Nicotiana rustica)’, iScience, 25(12), 105613. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105613.cited in Nicotiana rustica
Grünewald, M. (1512–1516) The Temptation of Saint Anthony, Isenheim Altarpiece. Colmar: Musée Unterlinden. Public-domain reproduction via Wikimedia Commons. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mathis_Gothart_Gr%C3%BCnewald_015.jpg.cited in Claviceps purpurea
Guzmán, G. (2008) ‘Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: An overview’, Economic Botany, 62(3), pp. 404–412. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
Guzmán, G. (2012) ‘New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain’, Acta Botanica Mexicana, 100, pp. 79–106. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21829/abm100.2012.32.cited in Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions · Psilocybe
Guzmán, G. (2012) ‘Nuevas observaciones taxonómicas y etnomicológicas en Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) de México, África y España’, Acta Botanica Mexicana, 100, pp. 79–106. doi:10.21829/abm100.2012.32.cited in Psilocybe · Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
Hamilton, C.W. (1989) ‘A revision of Mesoamerican Psychotria subgenus Psychotria (Rubiaceae), part I’, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 76(1), pp. 67–111.cited in Psychotria viridis
Hay, A., Gottschalk, M. and Holguín, A. (2012) Huanduj: Brugmansia. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.cited in Brugmansia suaveolens
Hernández-Santiago, F., Pérez-Moreno, J., Xoconostle-Cázares, B., Almaraz-Suárez, J.J., Ojeda-Trejo, E., Mata-Montes de Oca, G. and Díaz-Aguilar, I. (2016) ‘Traditional knowledge and use of wild mushrooms by Mixtecs or Ñuu savi, the people of the rain, from Southeastern Mexico’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12, article 35. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0108-9.cited in Teonanácatl: Mesoamerican Mushroom Traditions
Hernández, F. (1651) ‘Ololiuhqui’, botanical woodcut in Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ololiuhqui_Rivea_corymbosa_1651.gif.cited in Ipomoea corymbosa
Hunt, D., Taylor, N. and Charles, G. (eds) (2006) The New Cactus Lexicon. Milborne Port: dh Books.cited in Lophophora williamsii
Index Fungorum (2026) 'Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.', record 161267. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/namesrecord.asp?RecordID=161267.cited in Amanita muscaria · Fly Agaric–Circumboreal Complex
Index Fungorum (2026) ‘Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim, record 304487’. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: indexfungorum.org (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Psilocybe · Mazatec Divinatory Medicine Complex
Index Fungorum (2026a) Psilocybe mexicana R.Heim — record of valid publication, typification and protologue habitat. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Landcare Research-NZ and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.cited in Psilocybe
Index Fungorum (2026b) Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill — record of valid publication, typification and protologue locality. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Landcare Research-NZ and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.cited in Psilocybe
Index Fungorum (2026c) Psilocybe zapotecorum R.Heim — record of valid publication and protologue habitat. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Landcare Research-NZ and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.cited in Psilocybe
Index Fungorum (2026d) Psilocybe aztecorum R.Heim — record of valid publication, typification and protologue habitat. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Landcare Research-NZ and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.cited in Psilocybe
International Plant Names Index (2026) ’Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.Morton’, IPNI LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:29180-2.cited in Banisteriopsis caapi
International Plant Names Index (2026a) ‘Papaver somniferum L.’, IPNI. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/673724-1.cited in Papaver somniferum
International Plant Names Index (2026b) ‘Papaver somniferum subsp. setigerum (DC.) Arcang.’, IPNI. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/60453010-2.cited in Papaver somniferum
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (2026) ‘Nicotiana rustica L.’ Available at: ipni.org/n/817055-1 (Accessed: 7 August 2026).cited in Nicotiana rustica
IPNI (2026) 'Peganum harmala L.', International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/774545-1.cited in Peganum harmala
IPNI (2026) 'Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.', International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/267203-2.cited in Virola theiodora
IPNI (2026a) 'Acacia confusa Merr.', International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/470039-1.cited in Acacia
IPNI (2026a) ‘Heimia salicifolia Link’, International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/96613-3.cited in Heimia salicifolia
IPNI (2026a) 'Phalaris arundinacea L.', International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/415571-1.cited in Phalaris
IPNI (2026b) 'Acacia acuminata Benth.', International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/469642-1.cited in Acacia
IPNI (2026b) ‘Nesaea salicifolia Kunth’, International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/100738-3.cited in Heimia salicifolia
IPNI (2026b) 'Phalaris aquatica L.', International Plant Names Index. Available at: https://www.ipni.org/n/415560-1.cited in Phalaris
Jacquin, O. (2009) ‘Stromata germinating from a sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea’, photograph via Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stroma_Claviceps_purpurea.JPG.cited in Claviceps purpurea
Jastrzębski, M.K., Kaczor, A.A. and Wróbel, T.M. (2022) ‘Methods of lysergic acid synthesis—the key ergot alkaloid’, Molecules, 27(21), 7322. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217322.cited in Eleusinian Kykeon–Mystery Complex
Jenks, A.A., Walker, J.B. and Kim, S.-C. (2011) ‘Evolution and origins of the Mazatec hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae): a molecular phylogenetic approach’, Journal of Plant Research, 124, pp. 593–600. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-010-0394-6.cited in Salvia divinorum
Jesus, A., Bonhomme, V., Evin, A., Ivorra, S., Soteras, R., Salavert, A., Antolín, F. and Bouby, L. (2021) ‘A morphometric approach to track opium poppy domestication’, Scientific Reports, 11, 9778. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88964-4.cited in Papaver somniferum
Juan-Tresserras, J. (2002) ‘La arqueología de las drogas en la Península Ibérica: una síntesis de las recientes investigaciones arqueobotánicas’, in Fábregas Valcarce, R. (ed.) Os alucinóxenos e a arqueoloxía. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, pp. 101–121.cited in Claviceps purpurea
Kew Science (2026) 'Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.', Plants of the World Online.cited in Mimosa tenuiflora
Kew Science (2026a) Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.Morton. Plants of the World Online. Available at: powo.science.kew.org (Accessed: 29 July 2026).cited in Ayahuasca Complex
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Toxicology & safety
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Conservation & ecology
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Law, policy & patents
10 · 172 sources
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